Table 3.
Bivariate logistic regression predicting psychosis risk status (psychosis spectrum vs. non-spectrum) from psychopathology and substance use
| Psychosis spectrum | Non-spectrum | 95% CI | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % | % | B | Wald chi-square | p | Odds ratio | Lower | Upper | |
| Psychopathology (N=4,665) | ||||||||
| Demographics | ||||||||
| Gender | −0.24 | 6.70 | 0.010 | 0.79 | 0.66 | 0.94 | ||
| Age | −0.06 | 13.88 | 0.001 | 0.94 | 0.91 | 0.97 | ||
| Ethnicity | 0.52 | 27.16 | 0.001 | 1.68 | 1.38 | 2.05 | ||
| Mother education | −0.03 | 1.75 | n.s. | 0.97 | 0.93 | 1.02 | ||
| Father education | −0.03 | 2.47 | n.s. | 0.97 | 0.93 | 1.01 | ||
| WRAT-4 Reading | −0.01 | 3.93 | 0.047 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 1.00 | ||
| Mood | ||||||||
| Depression | 26.9 | 9.6 | 0.28 | 4.55 | 0.033 | 1.32 | 1.02 | 1.71 |
| Mania | 2.1 | 0.3 | 1.08 | 4.22 | 0.040 | 2.94 | 1.05 | 8.24 |
| Anxiety | ||||||||
| Generalized anxiety | 5.2 | 1.6 | 0.07 | 0.07 | n.s. | 1.07 | 0.66 | 1.73 |
| Separation anxiety | 6.9 | 3.8 | −0.06 | 0.10 | n.s. | 0.94 | 0.64 | 1.37 |
| Specific phobia | 43.5 | 28.7 | 0.19 | 3.97 | 0.046 | 1.21 | 1.00 | 1.45 |
| Social phobia | 36.0 | 17.8 | 0.39 | 15.13 | 0.001 | 1.48 | 1.21 | 1.80 |
| Panic | 3.1 | 0.8 | 0.40 | 1.45 | n.s. | 1.49 | 0.78 | 2.86 |
| Agoraphobia | 14.8 | 3.4 | 0.78 | 24.46 | 0.001 | 2.19 | 1.61 | 2.99 |
| Obsessive-compulsive | 7.9 | 1.5 | 0.63 | 8.12 | 0.004 | 1.88 | 1.22 | 2.90 |
| Post-traumatic stress | 22.0 | 8.4 | 0.30 | 5.18 | 0.023 | 1.35 | 1.04 | 1.75 |
| Behavior | ||||||||
| Attention deficit/hyperactivity | 29.8 | 11.9 | 0.50 | 19.20 | 0.001 | 1.64 | 1.32 | 2.05 |
| Oppositional defiant | 44.4 | 25.3 | 0.42 | 17.66 | 0.001 | 1.52 | 1.25 | 1.84 |
| Conduct | 17.5 | 4.3 | 0.12 | 0.58 | n.s. | 1.13 | 0.83 | 1.54 |
| Eating (anorexia or bulimia) | 3.4 | 1.1 | 0.33 | 1.26 | n.s. | 1.39 | 0.78 | 2.49 |
| Morbid thoughts | ||||||||
| Thoughts of death/dying | 32.6 | 12.0 | 0.69 | 36.58 | 0.001 | 2.00 | 1.60 | 2.50 |
| Suicidal ideation | 20.1 | 5.5 | 0.37 | 5.78 | 0.016 | 1.45 | 1.07 | 1.96 |
| Treatment | ||||||||
| Talked with professional | 65.7 | 44.1 | 0.13 | 1.81 | n.s. | 1.14 | 0.94 | 1.39 |
| Psychiatric medications | 18.6 | 7.1 | 0.17 | 1.49 | n.s. | 1.19 | 0.90 | 1.57 |
| Inpatient hospitalization | 6.7 | 2.1 | −0.50 | 4.21 | 0.040 | 0.61 | 0.38 | 0.98 |
| Global Assessment Scale | −0.04 | 104.55 | 0.001 | 0.96 | 0.95 | 0.97 | ||
| Substance use (N=2,733) | ||||||||
| Demographics | ||||||||
| Sex | −0.14 | 1.95 | n.s. | 0.87 | 0.71 | 1.06 | ||
| Age | −0.11 | 19.60 | 0.001 | 0.90 | 0.86 | 0.94 | ||
| Race | 0.68 | 36.25 | 0.001 | 1.98 | 1.59 | 2.47 | ||
| Mother education | −0.06 | 5.10 | 0.024 | 0.94 | 0.89 | 0.99 | ||
| Father education | −0.05 | 4.60 | 0.032 | 0.95 | 0.90 | 1.00 | ||
| WRAT-4 Reading | −0.01 | 7.92 | 0.005 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 1.00 | ||
| Substance (ever used) | ||||||||
| Tobacco | 23.4 | 17.3 | 0.72 | 15.72 | 0.001 | 2.06 | 1.44 | 2.94 |
| Alcohol | 29.5 | 30.4 | −0.17 | 1.17 | n.s. | 0.84 | 0.62 | 1.15 |
| Marijuana | 22.0 | 18.1 | −0.02 | 0.01 | n.s. | 0.98 | 0.67 | 1.43 |
| Stimulants | 4.4 | 2.5 | 0.00 | 0.00 | n.s. | 1.00 | 0.53 | 1.88 |
| Tranquilizers | 2.8 | 1.1 | 0.58 | 1.98 | n.s. | 1.78 | 0.80 | 3.97 |
| Downers | 2.1 | 0.8 | 0.39 | 0.64 | n.s. | 1.48 | 0.56 | 3.90 |
| Inhalants | 6.7 | 3.6 | 0.39 | 2.99 | n.s. | 1.48 | 0.95 | 2.31 |
| Over-the-counter medication | 12.6 | 8.5 | 0.36 | 4.31 | 0.038 | 1.44 | 1.02 | 2.03 |
| Cocaine | 2.5 | 0.8 | 0.51 | 1.27 | n.s. | 1.67 | 0.69 | 4.04 |
| Psychedelics | 2.1 | 0.9 | 0.55 | 1.41 | n.s. | 1.74 | 0.70 | 4.31 |
| Opiates | 2.0 | 1.3 | −0.35 | 0.50 | n.s. | 0.70 | 0.27 | 1.87 |
| Steroids | 1.6 | 1.2 | −0.03 | 0.01 | n.s. | 0.97 | 0.42 | 2.25 |
WRAT-4 – Wide Range Achievement Test, version 4, CI – confidence interval