Table 1. Baseline Characteristics of all 108 TS Patients.
| N = 108 | % | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (mean ± SD) | 58.6±17.7 | Range (10–87) | |
| Gender | |||
| Female | 75 | 69.4 | |
| Male | 33 | 30.6 | |
| Ethnicity | |||
| Caucasian | 57 | 52.8 | |
| African-American | 13 | 12.0 | |
| Hispanic | 4 | 3.70 | |
| Asian | 3 | 2.78 | |
| Unknown | 31 | 28.7 | |
| Primary diagnosis | |||
| Mood disorder | 41 | 38.0 | |
| GI illness | 41 | 38.0 | |
| Psychotic disorder | 7 | 6.48 | |
| Neurodegenerative | 1 | 0.930 | |
| Stroke | 1 | 0.930 | |
| Trauma | 2 | 1.85 | |
| Tic disorders | 6 | 5.56 | |
| Developmental d/o | 2 | 1.85 | |
| Anxiety d/o | 4 | 3.70 | |
| Personality d/o | 1 | 0.930 | |
| Unknown | 2 | 1.85 | |
| Diabetes | 23 | 21.3 | |
| Alcohol abuse | 6 | 5.56 | |
| Extrapyramidal symptoms | |||
| EPS (all categories) | 35 | 32.4 | |
| Parkinsonism | 28 | 25.9 | |
| EPS (not Parkinsonism) | 7 | 6.48 | |
| Offending agent | |||
| GI DRBAs | 45 | 41.7 | |
| Atypical antipsychotics | 39 | 36.1 | |
| Mixed | 15 | 13.9 | |
| Typical antipsychotics | 8 | 7.40 | |
| SSRI | 1 | 0.930 | |
| Type of TS | |||
| Mixed | 49 | 45.4 | |
| Orofacial/generalized/respiratory dyskinesia | 28 | 25.9 | |
| Orofacial/generalized dystonia | 14 | 13.0 | |
| Akathisia | 6 | 5.56 | |
| Lingual dystonia | 5 | 4.63 | |
| Cervical dystonia | 4 | 3.70 | |
| Chorea | 1 | 0.930 | |
| Blepharospasm | 1 | 0.930 | |
| Severity at baseline | |||
| Mild | 41 | 37.9 | |
| Moderate | 44 | 40.7 | |
| Severe | 23 | 21.3 | |
| Median duration of exposure to drug in years (range) | 2.07 (0.02–29) (N = 65) | ||
| Median latency to onset of symptoms in years (range) | 1.66 (0–29) (N = 68) | ||
Abbreviations: d/o, disorder; DRBAs, Dopamine Receptor Blocking Agents; EPS, Extrapyramidal Symptoms; GI, Gastrointestinal; SD, Standard Deviation; SSRI, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors; TS, Tardive Syndromes.