Table 3.
Sample characteristics and descriptive statistics (percentages) stratified by welfare regime and gender
| Traditional family | Southern European | Contradictory | Earner-carer | Market-oriented | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men | Women | Men | Women | Men | Women | Men | Women | Men | Women | |
| n = 3,044 | n = 2,785 | n = 870 | n = 811 | n = 965 | n = 938 | n = 340 | n = 355 | n = 852 | n = 980 | |
| DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH CHARACTERISTICS | ||||||||||
| Poor mental well-being 1 | 3.3 (1.9) | 3.6 (2.1) | 2.8 (1.7) | 3.4 (1.8) | 3.4 (2.1) | 3.6 (2.1) | 3.1 (1.7) | 3.4 (1.7) | 3.2 (2.0) | 3.8 (2.1) |
| Age | ||||||||||
| 15-29 years old | 15.2 | 16.5 | 14.2 | 19.2 | 25.2 | 17.7 | 14.3 | 13.1 | 22.4 | 16.5 |
| 30-49 years old | 53.8 | 53.4 | 62.6 | 58.2 | 48.6 | 54.3 | 52.9 | 52.6 | 50.2 | 54.9 |
| 50-65 years old | 31.0 | 30.1 | 23.2 | 22.6 | 26.2 | 27.9 | 32.8 | 34.3 | 27.4 | 28.6 |
| Education | ||||||||||
| Low | 11.2 | 12.1 | 42.0 | 36.5 | 6.8 | 4.8 | 11.3 | 7.5 | 22.8 | 21.8 |
| Medium | 55.1 | 51.9 | 26.6 | 22.9 | 69.6 | 57.2 | 47.6 | 40.9 | 36.5 | 31.6 |
| High | 33.7 | 36.1 | 31.4 | 40.6 | 23.5 | 38.0 | 41.1 | 51.6 | 40.8 | 46.6 |
| Children living at home | ||||||||||
| 0 | 50.9 | 47.7 | 47.0 | 46.8 | 44.1 | 37.5 | 51.9 | 49.7 | 51.4 | 41.8 |
| 1 | 19.2 | 24.2 | 20.7 | 26.1 | 28.2 | 29.0 | 18.8 | 18.4 | 18.6 | 26.2 |
| ≥ 2 | 29.9 | 28.1 | 32.3 | 27.1 | 27.6 | 33.5 | 29.3 | 31.9 | 30.1 | 32.0 |
| Single parent | ||||||||||
| No | 97.5 | 89.3 | 99.2 | 91.4 | 97.9 | 86.9 | 97.4 | 91.8 | 96.0 | 86.5 |
| Yes | 2.5 | 10.7 | 0.8 | 8.6 | 2.1 | 13.1 | 2.6 | 8.2 | 4.0 | 13.5 |
| EMPLOYMENT QUALITY | ||||||||||
| Type of contract | ||||||||||
| Permanent | 88.0 | 88.1 | 80.8 | 78.1 | 79.2 | 79.1 | 92.0 | 88.8 | 92.4 | 88.6 |
| Non-permanent | 12.0 | 11.9 | 19.2 | 21.9 | 20.8 | 20.9 | 8.0 | 11.2 | 7.6 | 11.4 |
| Income | ||||||||||
| Sufficient income | 87.9 | 88.1 | 79.0 | 79.6 | 72.4 | 67.8 | 95.4 | 94.9 | 91.3 | 82.0 |
| Contr. earner, insuf. inc. | 2.9 | 5.5 | 4.3 | 12.5 | 10.4 | 19.4 | 1.1 | 1.8 | 2.4 | 9.8 |
| Main earner, insuf. inc. | 9.2 | 6.4 | 16.7 | 7.8 | 17.2 | 12.8 | 3.5 | 3.3 | 6.3 | 8.2 |
| Employment status | ||||||||||
| Full-time | 92.1 | 60.6 | 94.3 | 77.7 | 95.7 | 88.7 | 90.6 | 71.7 | 89.8 | 55.3 |
| Part-time | 4.5 | 33.5 | 2.0 | 13.9 | 1.5 | 4.4 | 5.6 | 23.3 | 6.4 | 40.1 |
| Involuntary part-time | 3.5 | 5.9 | 3.7 | 8.3 | 2.7 | 6.9 | 3.8 | 5.0 | 3.9 | 4.7 |
| Irregular/unsocial hours 1 | 3.8 (2.6) | 2.6 (2.2) | 3.7 (2.5) | 2.7 (2.2) | 4.1 (2.3) | 2.8 (2.1) | 3.5 (2.3) | 2.6 (1.9) | 4.0 (2.6) | 2.5 (2.3) |
| Lack of training | ||||||||||
| No | 48.4 | 50.0 | 35.0 | 35.0 | 27.6 | 32.9 | 65.5 | 73.9 | 50.0 | 52.2 |
| Yes | 51.6 | 50.0 | 65.0 | 65.0 | 72.4 | 67.1 | 34.5 | 26.1 | 50.0 | 47.8 |
| Lack of representation | ||||||||||
| No | 59.2 | 58.2 | 44.2 | 41.9 | 50.1 | 55.5 | 72.6 | 80.1 | 67.1 | 74.1 |
| Yes | 40.8 | 41.8 | 55.8 | 58.1 | 49.9 | 44.5 | 27.4 | 19.9 | 32.9 | 25.9 |
| Lack of participation 1 | 6.0 (3.3) | 6.2 (3.2) | 5.7 (3.2) | 5.9 (3.2) | 7.4 (3.0) | 7.4 (3.0) | 4.8 (3.0) | 4.8 (2.9) | 5.5 (3.2) | 5.8 (3.1) |
| QUALITY OF INTRINSIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE WORK TASK | ||||||||||
| Low skill discretion 1 | 3.8 (2.2) | 4.3 (2.3) | 4.9 (2.2) | 5.5 (2.3) | 4.6 (2.2) | 4.8 (2.5) | 3.6 (2.0) | 3.7 (2.0) | 3.9 (2.4) | 3.8 (2.3) |
| Low autonomy 1 | 4.3 (2.7) | 4.7 (2.6) | 5.6 (2.5) | 5.8 (2.4) | 6.0 (2.9) | 5.9 (2.8) | 3.7 (2.3) | 3.9 (2.1) | 4.9 (2.7) | 5.1 (2.3) |
| High psy. demands 1 | 5.4 (3.0) | 5.5 (3.1) | 5.3 (2.8) | 5.3 (3.0) | 4.1 (2.6) | 4.2 (2.7) | 5.3 (2.7) | 5.7 (2.9) | 5.5 (2.8) | 5.9 (3.0) |
| Lack of support | ||||||||||
| No | 97.5 | 92.3 | 96.3 | 93.5 | 95.3 | 94.3 | 98.6 | 98.6 | 97.3 | 95.9 |
| Yes | 2.5 | 7.7 | 3.7 | 6.5 | 4.7 | 5.7 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 2.7 | 4.1 |
| Lack of career opportun. 1 | 5.4 (3.0) | 6.2 (3.1) | 4.9 (2.6) | 5.4 (2.6) | 5.8 (2.6) | 6.1 (2.6) | 5.3 (2.6) | 5.5 (2.7) | 4.5 (2.7) | 4.9 (2.8) |
Employee population, 15–65 years old. ESS 2010.
1Mean with standard deviation in parentheses.
Abbreviations: Contr. contributory, insuf. inc. insufficient household income, psy. psychological, opportun. opportunities.