Table 3. Univariate analysis of factors associated with Giardia infection among the indigenous communities that participated in this study.

Variables	No. Examined	No. Infected	% Infected	OR	95% CI	P-value
Location
Peninsular Malaysia	986	134	13.6	2.5	1.6, 4.1	<0.001
Sabah (East Malaysia)	344	20	5.8	1
Age group
< = 12 Years	930	132	14.2	2.8	1.8, 4.5	<0.001
>12 Years	400	22	5.5	1
Gender
Male	664	80	12.0	1.1	0.8, 1.5	0.593
Female	666	74	11.1	1
Size of household
>7 members	432	64	14.8	1.6	1.1, 2.2	0.011
< = 7 members	898	90	10.0	1
Household income
<RM500	677	88	13.0	1.3	0.9, 1.9	0.099
> = RM500	653	66	10.1	1
Educational level
Secondary education	129	6	4.7	1
Primary education/non educated	1201	148	12.3	2.9	1.2–6.7	0.010
Employment status
Not working	160	5	3.1	0.6	0.2, 2.0	0.421
Working	164	8	4.9	1
Source of drinking water
Unsafe water (river, well, rain)	534	62	11.6	1.0	0.7, 1.4	0.977
Piped water	796	92	11.6	1
Presence of toilet at household
No	328	57	17.4	2.0	1.4, 2.8	<0.001
Yes	1002	97	9.7	1
Boiling water before consumption
No	192	40	20.8	2.4	1.6, 3.5	<0.001
Yes	1138	114	10.0	1
Bathing place
River	279	52	18.6	2.1	1.5, 3.1	<0.001
Bathroom	1049	102	9.7	1
Indiscriminate defecation
Yes	437	77	17.6	2.3	1.6, 3.2	<0.001
No	890	77	8.7	1
Washing hands before eating
No	327	49	15.0	1.5	1.0, 2.2	0.028
Yes	1003	105	10.5	1
Washing hands after defecation
No	269	35	13.0	1.2	0.8, 1.8	0.420
Yes	1058	119	11.2	1
Consumption of raw vegetables
Yes	453	45	9.9	0.8	0.5, 1.1	0.171
No	874	109	12.5	1
Washing vegetables/fruits before consumption
No	335	59	17.6	1.9	1.3, 2.9	<0.001
Yes	993	95	9.6	1
Wearing shoes when outside
No	316	58	18.4	2.2	1.5, 3.1	<0.001
Yes	1014	96	9.5	1
Garbage disposal
Indiscriminate	452	75	16.6	2.0	1.4, 2.8	<0.001
Proper disposal	875	79	9.0	1
Presence of domestic animals
Yes	943	117	12.4	1.3	0.9, 2.0	0.153
No	384	37	9.6	1
Washing hands after playing with animals
No	266	50	18.8	2.1	1.5, 3.1	<0.001
Yes	1061	104	9.8	1