Table 1.
Characteristics of patients by smoking status
| Nonsmokers (n = 747) | Former smokers (n = 469) | Present smokers (n = 337) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years)*¥ |
56.14 (65.09-43.64) |
55.69 (64.44-46.71) |
48.24 (56.08-37.25) |
<0.001 |
| Males (%) |
212 (28.4) |
271 (57.8) |
133 (39.5) |
<0.001 |
| Hypertension (%) |
307 (41.1) |
219 (46.7) |
103 (30.6) |
<0.001 |
| Diabetes (%) |
79 (10.6) |
65 (13.9) |
34 (10.1) |
0.145 |
| Dyslipidemia (%) |
214 (28.6) |
177 (37.7) |
82 (24.3) |
<0.001 |
| Obesity (%) |
161 (21.6) |
114 (24.3) |
62 (18.4) |
0.124 |
| Antihypertensive drugs (%) |
223 (29.9) |
162 (34.5) |
66 (19.6) |
<0.001 |
| Lipid-lowering drugs (%) |
126 (16.9) |
122 (26.0) |
48 (14.2) |
<0.001 |
| Antidiabetic drugs (%) |
52 (7.0) |
46 (9.8) |
25 (7.4) |
0.187 |
| Office SBP (mmHg)*¥ |
123.75 (134.63-113.50) |
125.50 (138.00-114.50) |
121.25 (131.38-109.13) |
<0.001 |
| Office DBP (mmHg) |
76.50 (83.50-70.50) |
77.00 (83.38-70.00) |
75.50 (82.50-70.00) |
0.377 |
| Office heart rate (bpm)*¥# |
71.50 (78.50-64.50) |
69.50 (76.50-61.13) |
75.00 (82.63-67.00) |
<0.001 |
| Central SBP (mmHg)*¥ |
124 (135–114) |
125 (137–115) |
121 (132–110) |
0.002 |
| Central DBP (mmHg) |
76 (83–70) |
77 (84–70) |
75 (82–68) |
0.188 |
| BMI (kg/m2)*¥ |
26.67 (29.56-24.05) |
27.07 (29.96-24.90) |
25.64 (28.52-22.90) |
<0.001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) ¥# |
92 (100–84) |
95 (104–88) |
91.00 (99–82) |
<0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) |
215.41 ± 38.77 |
213.36 ± 39.10 |
210.74 ± 39.28 |
0.192 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL)* |
95 (133–69) |
96 (136–73) |
104 (147–75) |
0.026 |
| LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) |
133.85 ± 36.78 |
133.18 ± 34.89 |
132.36 ± 36.75 |
0.827 |
| HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)*# |
59.00 (70.00-49.00) |
56.00 (67.00-47.00) |
54.00 (64.75-45.00) |
<0.001 |
| Mean IMT (mm) (n = 265) ¥ |
0.68 ± 0.10 |
0.70 ± 0.11 |
0.65 ± 0.11 |
0.045 |
| Maximum IMT (mm) (n = 265) ¥ |
0.83 ± 0.12 |
0.86 ± 0.13 |
0.81 ± 0.13 |
0.042 |
| PWV (m/sec) (n = 265) |
7.10 (8.60-6.38) |
7.30 (8.95-6.35) |
6.65 (7.95-5.57) |
0.032 |
| PAIx75 (%) #¥ |
89 (101–78) |
86 (97–75) |
90 (103–77) |
0.003 |
| ABI #¥ | 1.17 ± 0.13 | 1.19 ± 0.14 | 1.16 ± 0.14 | 0.005 |
Normally distributed continuous variables are expressed as mean ± standard deviation, while non-normally distributed variables are presented as median and 75–25th percentile. Frequency distribution was used in categorical variables.
Obesity: BMI ≥ 30 Kg/m2or Waist circumference ≥ 88 cm in women and ≥ 102 cm in men. SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; BMI: body mass index; HDL: high density lipoprotein; LDL: lowdensity lipoprotein; IMT: Intima Media Thickness; PWV: pulse wave velocity; PAIx75: Peripheral or radial augmentation index adjusted for heart rate at 75 bpm, ABI: ankle brachial index.
*Differences between present and nonsmokers, ¥: Differences between present and former smokers, #: Differences between former and nonsmokers.