Table 2.
Baseline characteristics, unadjusted and propensity score matched analyses on patients with at least one risk factor for direct lung injury
| Clinical characteristics | ICS (N=172) |
No ICS (N=1214) |
Unadjusted p value | Propensity score* adjusted p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, median (IQR) | 64 (53–77) | 58 (43–75) | <0.001 | 0.785 |
| Male gender | 74 (43%) | 722 (59%) | <0.001 | 0.941 |
| Caucasian race | 104 (60%) | 743 (61%) | 0.868 | 0.796 |
| APACHE II, median (IQR) | 12.5 (8.5–17) | 10 (6–15) | <0.001 | 0.285 |
| BMI> 30 | 45 (26%) | 227 (19%) | 0.024 | 0.706 |
| Alcohol use | 12 (7%) | 130 (11%) | 0.141 | 0.603 |
| Active smoking | 43 (25%) | 355 (29%) | 0.28 | 0.865 |
| LIPS, median (IQR) | 3.5(2.5–5.4) | 3.5(2.5–5) | 0.848 | 0.629 |
| Admission from home | 135 (78%) | 891 (73%) | 0.164 | 0.6 |
| Aspiration | 11 (6%) | 189 (16%) | 0.001 | 0.455 |
| Pneumonia | 169 (98%) | 890 (73%) | <0.001 | 0.388 |
| Lung contusion | 2 (1%) | 187 (15%) | <0.001 | 0.928 |
| Smoke inhalation | 0 | 25 (2%) | 0.063 | NA |
| Near drowning | 0 | 3 (0.25%) | 1 | NA |
| Sepsis | 67 (39%) | 393 (32%) | 0.1 | 0.38 |
| Shock | 4 (2%) | 87 (7%) | 0.013 | 0.756 |
| Pancreatitis | 0 | 6 (0.5%) | 1 | NA |
| Long bone fracture | 0 | 33 (3%) | 0.027 | NA |
| Brain injury | 0 | 41 (3%) | 0.007 | NA |
| Cardiac surgery | 0 | 3 (0.25%) | 1 | NA |
| Aortic surgery | 0 | 3 (0.25%) | 1 | NA |
| Thoracic surgery | 0 | 7 (0.5%) | 1 | NA |
| Spine surgery | 0 | 5 (0.5%) | 1 | NA |
| Acute abdomen | 0 | 8 (0.5%) | 0.606 | NA |
| Emergency surgery | 0 | 30 (2.5%) | 0.043 | NA |
| Diabetes Mellitus | 53 (31%) | 276 (23%) | 0.022 | 0.359 |
| Cirrhosis | 4 (2%) | 19 (2%) | 0.517 | 0.81 |
| Chronic hemodialysis | 6 (3.5%) | 51 (4%) | 0.838 | 0.685 |
| CHF NYHA IV | 12 (7%) | 44 (4%) | 0.058 | 0.819 |
| COPD | 92 (53%) | 135 (11%) | <0.001 | 0.014† |
| Asthma | 47 (27%) | 93 (8%) | <0.001 | 0.315 |
| Interstitial lung disease | 3 (2%) | 18 (1.5%) | 0.738 | 0.819 |
| Immunosuppression | 7 (4%) | 100 (8%) | 0.065 | 0.502 |
| Lymphoma | 7 (4%) | 17 (1.5%) | 0.022 | 0.748 |
| Leukemia | 3 (2%) | 12 (1%) | 0.418 | 0.962 |
| Metastatic solid cancer | 7 (4%) | 67 (5.5%) | 0.586 | 0.612 |
| Chest radiation | 9 (5%) | 14 (1%) | 0.001 | 0.61 |
| Sleep apnea | 18 (10.5%) | 46 (4%) | <0.001 | 0.698 |
| GERD | 44 (26%) | 123 (10%) | <0.001 | 0.441 |
| ARB | 21 (12%) | 64 (5%) | 0.001 | 0.653 |
| ACE inhibitor | 42 (24%) | 218 (18%) | 0.047 | 0.461 |
| Statin | 64 (37%) | 279 (23%) | <0.001 | 0.712 |
| Aspirin | 64 (37%) | 302 (25%) | <0.001 | 0.693 |
| Amiodarone | 2 (1%) | 15 (1%) | 1 | 0.734 |
| Oral hypoglycemic | 30 (17%) | 122 (10%) | 0.006 | 0.658 |
| Insulin | 21 (12%) | 122 (10%) | 0.421 | 0.73 |
| Inhaled beta-agonist | 134 (78%) | 172 (14%) | <0.001 | <0.001† |
| PPI | 74 (43%) | 271 (22%) | <0.001 | 0.618 |
| H2 blocker | 10 (6%) | 56 (5%) | 0.447 | 0.851 |
| Chemotherapy | 6 (3.5%) | 39 (3%) | 0.818 | 0.814 |
*
Propensity score based analysis with matching up to 1:4 among patients with at least one risk factor for direct lung injury (541 patients)
†
The final conditional logistic regression model was additionally adjusted for inhaled beta agonist use and COPD