. 2014 Oct 1;5(3):e1. doi: 10.5037/jomr.2014.5301

Table 2.

Nanocomposite additive implant surface modifications

Author	Structure (sample)	Topography	Type	Evaluation	Result
Cecchinato et al. 2013 [32]	- A-Not porous - B-Mesoporous - C-Mesoporous + Mg	- Not indicated ~6 nm pore ~6 nm pore	In vitro hFOB (human fetal OB)	- MTT assay at 24 h - SEM 1 to 24 h x 3 times	Three-dimensional nanostructure of TiO₂ coatings as well as the wider specific surface area given by the presence of pores positively influence the osteoconductivity of titanium compared with the noncoated surfaces. P < 0.05

Zhao et al. 2011 [39]	- TiO₂-NT - NT-Ag 0.5M - NT-Ag 1.0 M - NT-Ag 1.5 M - NT-Ag 2.0 M - Flat-ctrl	- NT-130 nm - NT-130 nm - NT-130 nm - NT-130 nm - NT-130 nm - Not indicated (All Ag particles 10 to 20 nm amount increase with concentration)	In vitro Primary rat OB	- Histology - DNA analysis 1 and 4 days	After 4 days of culturing, the cell number on TiO₂-NTs is smaller than that on flat Ti. Those on the NT-Ag samples are even smaller and the amounts correlate with the silver concentrations. NT-Ag structure shows some cytotoxicity, it can be reduced by controlling the Ag release rate. P < 0.01

Zhao et al. 2013 [46]	- TiO₂ coating - Nb₂O₅ doped TiO₂ - SiO₂ doped TiO₂ coating	- grains < 50 nm - nanoplates - hairy protrusions	In vitro Primery HOBs	- alamarBlue™ assay - SEM 2 to 24 h, 3 d, 7 d, 14 d	TiO₂ coating with Nb₂O₅ enhanced primary human osteoblast adhesion and promoted cell proliferation P < 0.05

Roy et al. 2011 [47]	- HA coating Ti - Sr-HA coating Ti - Mg-HA coating Ti	- 23 ± 3.9 nm grains - 21.6 ± 3.7 nm grain - 24.6 ± 5.3 nm grain	In vitro hFOB1.19 cells	- Histology - MTT assay 3, 7, 11 days x 3 times	hFOB cell proliferation was accelerated on the Sr-HA coatings compared to pure HA or Mg doped HA coatings at all periods. P < 0.05

Zhou et al. 2013 [48]	- Nanogranulated TiO - S67 interspace - S96 interspace - S137 interspace (Strontium-doped hydroxyapatite nanorods with different spacing and nanogranulate On TiO)	- Not indicated - diam 71.4 nm - diam 68.9 nm - diam 67.6 nm	In vitro hFOB1.19 (human fetal OB)	- MTT assay 3, 7, 14 days	Proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts can be directly regulated by the interrod spacing of the Sr1-HA nanorods, which are significantly enhanced on the nanorod-shaped 3D patterns with interrod spacing smaller than 96 nm. P < 0.05

Bayram et al. 2012 [49]	- Ti - An-Ti (nanotubes) - An-Ti-SBF (1 h) HA - An-Ti-SBF (2 h) HA - An-Ti-SBF (3 h) HA - An-Ti-SBF (5 h) HA - An-Ti-SBF (8 h) HA	- Not indicated - 45 to 50 nm diameter 10 nm wall - spare 1 to 2 μm HA particles (The surface consisted of both apatite and titania nanotubes after 2 and 3hours of soaking)	In vitro Saos-2/An1 (OB like human bone osteogenic sarcoma cell)	- MTT assay 3, 5, 7 days x 3 times	The percentage of cell viabilities cultured on the sample. Was greatest on An-Ti-SBF (3 h) with 45 to 50 nm diameter nanotubes and HA plaques, for all experimental days. P < 0.05

Portan et al. 2012 [50]	- A-Ti - B-TiO₂ nanotube - C-TiO₂ nano+HA	- Not indicated ~80 to 200 According SEM image.	In vitro Human Bone marrow cells	- Histology - SEM 1 week incubation	There is an obvious positive change in the spreading of osteoblasts on HAp coated titania nanotubes layer comparing to cells on pure titanium or TiO₂ nanotubes.

Gu et al. 2012 [51]	- A-bare Ti (contrl) - B-nanotub - C-nanotub+HA	- Not indicated - 90 nm - 90 nm	In vitro MC3T3-E1	- MTT proliferation assay 1, 4, 7 days	The nanotubular surfaces showed significantly higher proliferation of preosteoblastic cells than the control after 7 days of culture. However, the proliferation rate was reduced on the HA-deposited nanotube surfaces during the incubation days compared with the untreated nanotubular and bare Ti. P < 0.05

Dimitrievska et al. 2011 [52]	- UncoatTi64 (ctrl.) - HA coating - TiO₂ coating - TiO₂-HA coating	- only roughness indicated - < 300 spherical crystallites - 20 to 30 nm Rod HA And 300 nm TiO spherical	In vitro hMSC-derived OB	- Histology - SEM - alamarBlue™ assay 2 to 6 h, 1 d, 7 d, 14 d	Results revealed a higher metabolic activity and cell number of hMSC-ob on the TiO₂-HA nanocomposite coatings when compared with the pure TiO₂ and HA coatings, at 7 and 14 days of culture. P < 0.01

Wang et al. 2012 [53]	- Ti controls - nHA coated Ti - B-SWCNT Ti - nHA+N-SWCNT Ti - nHA+B-SWCNT Ti - Glass references	- Not indicated - 20 to 30 nm grains - 2 to 20 nm NT bundle - 1.52 nm diameter NT - 1.19 nm diameter NT	In vitro hFOB	- Histology (fluorescence microscopy) 1, 3 and 5 days x 3 times	Significantly improved bone cell proliferation on the biomimetic nanocoatings after 3 and 5 day proliferation when compared to uncoated Ti and nHA coated Ti. nHA combined with B-SWCNTs or N-SWCNTs can achieve the highest osteoblast proliferation density. P < 0.05

Tran et al. 2010 [54]	- Uncoated Ti - Low-nSe-Ti - Medium-nSe-Ti - High-nSe-Ti	- low density - medium density - high density 80 nm selenium clusters	In vitro PHCO primary human calvarial osteoblasts	- Histology fluorescence microscopy 4, 17, 24, 40, 53 and 65 h x 3 times	Healthy osteoblast densities significantly increased on High-nSe-Ti compared to uTi and Low-nSe-Ti. Cancerous osteoblasts, after three days,were much higher on uTi and Low-nSe-Ti than on High-nSe-Ti. P < 0.05

Mazzola et al. 2011 [55]	- Uncoated - TiC-IPPA (IPPA - ion plating plasma assisted deposition)	- Not indicated ~200 to 300 nm roughness	In vitro hFOB 1.19 in vivo	- DNA assay 24 h	TiC covering Titanium substrate have beneficial effect on osteoblasts in vitro and in vivo . combination of morphology and chemistry in nanostructured TiC layer involves an increase of osteoblasts growth rate.

Hu et al. 2013 [56]	- A-Ti pure - B-TiO_2- - C-TiO₂/CaSiO_3-	- Not indicated - nano grains 20 to 100 nm - CaSiO₃ nanocrystals	In vitro MG63	- SEM 1, 3, 5 and 7 days - alamarBlue™ assay 1, 3, 5 and 7 days	The proliferation rate and vitality of MG63 cells cultured on the TiO₂/CaSiO₃ coating are apparently higher than those on the TiO₂ coating and pure Ti. P < 0.05, P < 0.01, P < 0.001