Table 1.
Immunopathological changes in rodents investigated as models for rheumatic heart disease.
| Antigen (route of inoculation) | Histological changes | Antibody response | T cell response cytokine production | Cross-reactivity | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RATS (Rattus norvegicus) | |||||
| Whole GAS (FP, SC) | Myocarditis, valvulitis lymphocyte, monocyte, MØ, giant cell, Aschoff-like cell, fibroblast | Anti-myocardial IgG | NA | Valvular protein, myocardial protein | Cavelti (3), Huang et al (4), Xie et al (5) |
| Recombinant proteins or peptides of GAS (SC, IP, FP) | Myocarditis, valvulitis T cell, MNC, neutrophil, Anitschkow-like cell | Anti-GAS IgG | CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD68+, TCR-αβ+ | Cardiac myosin | Quinn et al (6), Lymbury et al (7), Gorton et al (8), Gorton et al (9), Kirvan et al (10) |
| MICE (Mus musculus) | |||||
| Cell wall fragments of GAS (IP) | Myocarditis MNC, PMNC, giant cell, Anitschkow-like cell | Anti-GAS IgG | NA | NA | Ohanian et al (11) |
| Recombinant protein of GAS (IP) | NA | Collagen IV reactive IgG | NA | Basement membrane collagen | Dinkla et al (12) |
| GUINEA PIG (Cavia porcellus) | |||||
| Whole GAS (IP, IV) | Myocarditis, valvulitis MNC | NA | NA | NA | Gross et al (13) |
| Cell wall fragments of GAS (FP) | NA | Anti-GAS IgG | NA | Cardiac sarcolemmal membrane | Yang et al (14) |
NA, not assessed; IV, intra-venous; SC, sub-cutaneous; IP, intra-peritoneal; FP, foot pad; MNC, mononuclear cell; PMNC, polymorphonuclear cell; MØ, macrophage; Ig, immunoglobulin; CD, cluster of differentiation; IFN, interferon; TCR, T cell receptor.