Table 3.

Overview of mammalian latrine users and species-specific attributes such as habitat use (T = terrestrial, A = arboreal, AQ = aquatic), period of activity (D = diurnal, N = nocturnal, C = crepuscular), social organization (S = solitary, P = pair, G = group), and cohesiveness during foraging (G = gregarious, D = dispersed) as well as suggested function of latrine use (1 = territory demarcation, 2 = resource defense, 3 = centers of information exchange, 4 = reproductive signaling, 5 = mate defense/intrasexual competition, 6 = signaling of social status)

Order	Species	Common name	Habitat	Activity	Social organization	Cohesion	Territoriality	Function	Reference
Artiodactyla	Alcelaphus buselaphus	Hartebeest	T	D	G	G	Yes		Gosling (1974)
	Cervus eldi	Eld’s deer	T	N/C	G	G	No		Wemmer and Montali (1988)
	Damaliscus korrigum	Topi	T	N/D	G	G	Yes	1	Gosling (1987)
	Gazella dorcas	Dorcas gazelle	T	N/D/C	P/G	G	Yes		Essghaier and Johnson (1981)
	Gazella gazella	Mountain gazelle	T	D	G	G	Yes		Wronski and Plath (2010)
	Gazella granti	Grant’s gazelle	T	N/D	G	G	Yes	1	Estes (1991)
	Gazella thomsoni	Thomson’s gazelle	T	N/D	G	G	Yes		Walther (1978)
	Hydropotes inermis	Water deer	T	C	S	D	Yes		Sun et al. (1994)
	Lama guanicoe	Guanaco	T	D	G	G	Yes		Henriquez (2004)
	Madoqua guentheri	Guenther’s dik-dik	T	N/D	P	G	Yes	1	Ono et al. (1988)
	Madoqua kirkii	Kirk’s dik-dik	T	N/D	P	G	Yes	3	Hendrichs and Hendrichs (1971)
	Mazama americana	Red brocket deer	T	N/D	S/P	D	Yes		Rivero et al. (2004)
	Mazama gouazoubira	Brown brocket deer	T	N	S	D	Yes	3,5	Black-Decima and Santana (2011)
	Moschus chrysogaster	Alpine musk deer	T	N	G	D	Yes		Qureshi et al. (2004)
	Moschus moschiferus	Siberian musk deer	T	N	G	D	Yes		Green (1987)
	Muntiacus muntjak	Indian muntjac	T	N/D	S	D	Yes	1	Dubost (1971)
	Muntiacus reevesi	Chinese muntjac	T	N/D	S	D	Yes	1	Dubost (1970)
	Oreotragus oreotragus	Klipspringer	T	D	P	G	Yes	1	Roberts and Lowen (1997)
	Ourebia ourebi	Oribi	T	D	S/P/G	G	Yes	1,3	Brashares and Arcese (1999)
	Pudu puda	Southern pudu	T	N/D	S	D	Yes		MacNamara and Eldridge (1987)
	Raphicerus campestris	Steinbuck	T	D	P	D	Yes	3	Kingdon (1982)
	Tragelaphus scriptus	Bushbuck	T	N/C	G	D	Yes	3,4	Wronski et al. (2006)
	Vicugna pacos	Alpaca	T	D	G	G	Yes		McGregor and Brown (2010)
Perissodactyla	Ceratotherium simum	White rhinoceros	T	N/D	S/G	G	Yes		Owen-Smith (1975)
	Diceros bicornis	Black rhinoceros	T	N/D	S	D	Yes		Linklater et al. (2013)
	Rhinocerus unicornis	Indian rhinoceros	T	N/D	S	D	Yes		Dinerstein and Wemmer (1988)
	Tapirus terrestris	South American tapir	T	N/C	S	D	Yes		Fragoso et al. (2003)
Carnivora	Bassariscus astutus	Ring-tailed cat	T	N/C	S	D	Yes		Barja and List (2006)
	Canis aureus	Golden jackal	T	N/D	G	D	Yes		Macdonald (1980)
	Canis latrans	Coyote	T	N/D	S/P/G	D,G	Yes		Ralls and Smith (2004)
	Canis simensis	Ethopian wolf	T	D	G	D	Yes		Sillero-Zubiri and Macdonald (1998)
	Civettictis civetta	African civet	T	N	S	D	Yes		Bearder and Randall (1978)
	Crocuta crocuta	Spotted hyena	T	N	G	G	Yes		Gorman and Mills (1984)
	Genetta genetta	Common genet	T, A	N	S/P	D	Yes	4,5	Barrientos (2006)
	Hyaena brunnea	Brown hyena	T	N	G	G	Yes	1	Mills et al. (1980)
	Hyaena hyaena	Striped hyena	T	N	G	D	Yes		Macdonald (1980)
	Lontra canadensis	River otter	T, AQ	N/C	G	G	Yes	6	Rostain et al. (2004)
	Martes martes	Pine marten	T,A	N	S	D	Yes		Barja et al. (2011)
	Meles meles	European badger	T	N/C	G	D	Yes	1,2,4,5	Roper et al. (1993), Balestrieri et al. (2011)
	Nyctereutes procyonoides	Raccoon dog	T	N	P	D	No	3	Ikeda (1984)
	Procyon lotor	Northern raccoon	T	N	G	D	Variable		Brown and Macdonald (1985)
	Proteles cristatus	Aardwolf	T	N	P	D	Yes		Nel and Bothma (2002)
	Pteronura brasiliensis	Giant otters	T, AQ	D	G	G	Yes		Leuchtenberger and Mourão (2009)
	Suricata suricatta	Meerkats	T	D	G	G	Yes	1,5	Jordan et al. (2007)
	Urocyon cinereoargenteus	Gray fox	T	N/C	P	D	Yes		Trapp (1978)
	Vulpes macrotis	Kit fox	T	N	P	D	Yes		Ralls and Smith (2004)
	Vulpes velox	Swift fox	T	N	P	D	Yes	1	Darden et al. (2008)
Dasyuromorphia	Dasyurus geoffroii	Western quoll	T	N/C	S	D	Yes		Serena and Soderquist (1989)
	Dasyurus hallucatus	Northern quoll	T	N	S	D	No		Oakwood (2002)
	Dasyurus maculatus	Tiger quoll	T	N	S	D	Yes		Ruibal et al. (2010)
	Myrmecobius fasciatus	Numbat	T	D	S	D	Yes	1	Hogan et al. (2013)
	Sarcophilus harrisii	Tasmanian devil	T	N	S	D	No		Pemberton (1990)
Diprotodontia	Petropseudes dahli	Rock-haunting possum	T	N	P	G	Yes		Runcie (2004)
Hyracoidea	Dendrohyrax arboreus	Southern tree hyrax	A	N/D	S/P	D	Yes		Milner and Harris (1999)
	Dendrohyrax validus	Eastern tree hyrax	A	N	?	D	Yes		Topp-Jørgensen et al. (2008)
	Heterohyrax brucei	Yellow-spotted rock hyrax	T	D	G	G	Yes		Barry and Shoshani (2000)
	Procavia capensis	Rock hyrax	T	D	G	G	Yes		Meadows et al. (2010)
Lagomorpha	Oryctolagus cuniculus	European rabbit	T	N	G	G	Yes		Sneddon (1991)
Primates	Alouatta caraya	Black howler monkey	A	D	G	G	Yes		Bravo and Zunino (2000)
	Alouatta seniculus	Red howler monkey	A	D	G	G	Yes		Julliot (1996)
	Ateles geoffroyi	Geoffroy’s spider monkey	A	D	G	G	Yes		González-Zamora et al. (2012)
	Cheirogaleus major	Greater dwarf lemur	A	N	P	D	Yes		Petter (1962)
	Cheirogaleus medius	Fat-tailed dwarf lemur	A	N	P	D	Yes		Petter (1962)
	Hapalemur griseus	Lesser bamboo lemur	A	D	G	G	Yes	2,4,5	Irwin et al. (2004)
	Hapalemur meridionalis	Southern lesser bamboo lemur	A	D	G	G	Yes	1,2	Eppley and Donati (2010)
	Lagothrix lagotricha	Woolly monkey	A	D	G	G	Yes		Yumoto et al. (1999)
	Lepilemur leucopus	White-footed sportive lemur	A	N	P	D	Yes	3,5	This study
	Lepilemur wrightae	Wright’s sportive lemur	A	N	P	D	Yes	2,4,5	Irwin et al. (2004)
Rodentia	Arvicola terrestris	Water vole	T, AQ	N	S	D	Yes	4	Woodroffe and Lawton (1990)