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. 2014 Nov 5;5:601. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00601

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Copyright © 2014 Moujahed, Frati, Cusumano, Salerno, Conti, Peri and Colazza.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Visual summary of the main plant treatments. Above-ground Nezara viridula feeding and oviposition (a); Sitona lineatus adult leaf-feeding (b); N. viridula feeding and oviposition and S. lineatus adult leaf-feeding (c); mechanical damage (d); N. viridula feeding and oviposition and mechanical damage (e); below-ground (S. lineatus larvae root-nodules feeding) (f) and above + below-ground treatment (N. viridula feeding and oviposition and S. lineatus larvae root-nodules feeding) (g) and temporal dynamics of multi-trophic infestations on Vicia faba.