Table 5.
Mean daily intake of selected vitamins, minerals, supplement use and salt intake of members of the NLCS-Meat Investigation Cohort by meat consumption status a
| |
Men |
Women |
||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |
All confirmed vegetarians, pescetarians and low meat consumers from the total cohort |
Random sample of meat consumers from the total cohort |
|
Self-reported vegetarians |
All confirmed vegetarians, pescetarians and low meat consumers from the total cohort |
Random sample of meat consumers from the total cohort |
|
Self-reported vegetarians |
||||||
| |
Vegetarian |
Pescetarian |
1 day/wk |
2–5 day/wk |
6–7 day/wk |
|
|
Vegetarian |
Pescetarian |
1 day/wk |
2–5 day/wk |
6–7 day/wk |
|
|
| n = 217 | n = 152 | n = 482 | n = 1326 | n = 2973 | P b | n = 416 | n = 485 | n = 242 | n = 914 | n = 1639 | n = 2676 | P b | n = 734 | |
|
Vitamins (from diet) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Retinol (mg) |
1.14 ± 0.35 |
1.11 ± 0.37 |
1.09 ± 0.38 |
1.05 ± 0.37 |
1.01 ± 0.37 |
<0.001 |
1.14 ± 0.34 |
1.04 ± 0.36 |
1.05 ± 0.39 |
0.99 ± 0.37 |
0.93 ± 0.37 |
0.90 ± 0.38 |
<0.001 |
1.07 ± 0.37 |
| β-carotene (mg) |
0.61 ± 0.35 |
0.59 ± 0.37 |
0.49 ± 0.32 |
0.42 ± 0.23 |
0.40 ± 0.21 |
<0.001 |
0.60 ± 0.34 |
0.60 ± 0.36 |
0.64 ± 0.39 |
0.52 ± 0.34 |
0.44 ± 0.26 |
0.41 ± 0.23 |
<0.001 |
0.64 ± 0.37 |
| Vitamin B1 (mg) |
1.25 ± 0.26 |
1.23 ± 0.25 |
1.14 ± 0.23 |
1.15 ± 0.19 |
1.22 ± 0.22 |
<0.001 |
1.25 ± 0.25 |
1.04 ± 0.24 |
1.03 ± 0.21 |
0.96 ± 0.20 |
0.99 ± 0.17 |
1.06 ± 0.19 |
<0.001 |
1.04 ± 0.22 |
| Vitamin B2 (mg) |
1.62 ± 0.38 |
1.63 ± 0.39 |
1.61 ± 0.42 |
1.59 ± 0.37 |
1.57 ± 0.36 |
<0.001 |
1.63 ± 0.39 |
1.51 ± 0.39 |
1.52 ± 0.38 |
1.48 ± 0.41 |
1.47 ± 0.36 |
1.44 ± 0.34 |
<0.001 |
1.52 ± 0.38 |
| Vitamin B3 (mg) |
14.7 ± 3.6 |
16.7 ± 5.0 |
16.2 ± 4.4 |
15.6 ± 3.8 |
15.4 ± 4.1 |
<0.001 |
15.4 ± 3.8 |
11.8 ± 3.2 |
12.9 ± 3.1 |
12.6 ± 3.3 |
12.6 ± 2.9 |
12.4 ± 3.0 |
<0.001 |
12.2 ± 3.2 |
| Vitamin B6 (mg) |
1.42 ± 0.27 |
1.40 ± 0.29 |
1.37 ± 0.31 |
1.48 ± 0.25 |
1.57 ± 0.28 |
<0.001 |
1.45 ± 0.29 |
1.15 ± 0.25 |
1.17 ± 0.23 |
1.17 ± 0.27 |
1.28 ± 0.23 |
1.37 ± 0.24 |
<0.001 |
1.19 ± 0.26 |
| Vitamin B11 (μm) |
252 ± 55 |
250 ± 61 |
232 ± 69 |
227 ± 64 |
222 ± 65 |
<0.001 |
253 ± 57 |
217 ± 60 |
218 ± 52 |
204 ± 62 |
200 ± 59 |
197 ± 62 |
<0.001 |
223 ± 58 |
| Vitamin C (mg) |
123 ± 51 |
122 ± 57 |
108 ± 51 |
101 ± 42 |
97 ± 41 |
<0.001 |
124 ± 52 |
127 ± 54 |
122 ± 50 |
117 ± 56 |
109 ± 44 |
106 ± 42 |
<0.001 |
128 ± 51 |
| Vitamin E (mg) |
16.1 ± 6.0 |
15.3 ± 5.1 |
15.4 ± 5.1 |
15.4 ± 5.6 |
14.4 ± 5.6 |
<0.001 |
16.2 ± 5.4 |
12.9 ± 4.4 |
13.1 ± 4.4 |
12.9 ± 4.9 |
12.4 ± 4.6 |
11.8 ± 4.4 |
<0.001 |
13.2 ± 4.4 |
|
Minerals |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Calcium (mg) |
1238 ± 379 |
1242 ± 395 |
1160 ± 380 |
991 ± 291 |
934 ± 294 |
<0.001 |
1211 ± 391 |
1144 ± 327 |
1117 ± 324 |
1062 ± 335 |
927 ± 275 |
875 ± 263 |
<0.001 |
1125 ± 323 |
| Phosphor (mg) |
1726 ± 293 |
1758 ± 312 |
1647 ± 313 |
1542 ± 256 |
1528 ± 255 |
<0.001 |
1728 ± 309 |
1453 ± 260 |
1471 ± 250 |
1388 ± 282 |
1324 ± 240 |
1318 ± 228 |
<0.001 |
1460 ± 257 |
| Magnesium (mg) |
435 ± 103 |
449 ± 120 |
389 ± 91 |
355 ± 59 |
329 ± 53 |
<0.001 |
436 ± 104 |
360 ± 87 |
369 ± 87 |
322 ± 72 |
292 ± 47 |
289 ± 46 |
<0.001 |
363 ± 85 |
| Iron (mg) |
14.4 ± 2.8 |
15.0 ± 2.9 |
13.6 ± 2.7 |
13.2 ± 2.3 |
13.3 ± 2.4 |
<0.001 |
14.6 ± 2.6 |
11.8 ± 2.3 |
12.3 ± 2.4 |
11.4 ± 2.1 |
11.5 ± 2.0 |
11.7 ± 2.0 |
<0.001 |
12.0 ± 2.2 |
| Potassium (mg) |
3768 ± 634 |
3771 ± 749 |
3656 ± 727 |
3684 ± 585 |
3763 ± 605 |
<0.001 |
3796 ± 673 |
3261 ± 607 |
3312 ± 618 |
3229 ± 658 |
3288 ± 532 |
3348 ± 544 |
<0.001 |
3313 ± 598 |
| Dietary cholesterol (mg) |
197 ± 83 |
228 ± 84 |
227 ± 73 |
265 ± 67 |
287 ± 78 |
<0.001 |
213 ± 81 |
177 ± 66 |
187 ± 66 |
200 ± 67 |
229 ± 58 |
245 ± 61 |
<0.001 |
188 ± 66 |
| Dietary fiber (g) |
40.3 ± 8.8 |
39.3 ± 9.6 |
34.8 ± 9.0 |
29.8 ± 7.3 |
28.1 ± 6.8 |
<0.001 |
39.6 ± 8.9 |
32.6 ± 7.3 |
32.5 ± 7.0 |
29.3 ± 7.1 |
25.6 ± 5.8 |
24.6 ± 5.5 |
<0.001 |
32.4 ± 7.1 |
| Supplement use (number of sup/day) |
0.9 ± 1.2 |
0.9 ± 1.2 |
0.8 ± 1.1 |
0.4 ± 0.9 |
0.3 ± 0.6 |
<0.001 |
0.9 ± 1.2 |
1.3 ± 1.3 |
1.3 ± 1.3 |
1.0 ± 1.3 |
0.6 ± 0.9 |
0.5 ± 0.8 |
<0.001 |
1.33 ± 1.3 |
| NaCl (mg) (from foods) |
5800 ± 2150 |
6496 ± 2331 |
6127 ± 2410 |
6316 ± 2054 |
6693 ± 2231 |
<0.001 |
6073 ± 2302 |
4678 ± 1743 |
4964 ± 1740 |
5203 ± 9097 |
5158 ± 1639 |
5433 ± 1813 |
<0.001 |
4869 ± 1672 |
| Salt added during cooking (g) | 1.67 ± 2.58 | 1.96 ± 2.07 | 2.65 ± 3.22 | 4.01 ± 4.06 | 4.43 ± 4.32 | <0.001 | 1.94 ± 2.69 | 1.55 ± 2.34 | 2.14 ± 2.51 | 3.00 ± 4.13 | 3.86 ± 4.05 | 3.99 ± 4.26 | <0.001 | 1.94 ± 2.69 |
Values are mean ± SD.
Nutrients are adjusted for total energy intake (using residuals).
aExcluding prevalent cancer cases at baseline.
bP values are derived from one way anova comparing the five meat consumption groups (vegetarian, pescetarian, 1 day/wk-, 2–5 day/wk-, and 6–7 day/wk meat consumers).