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. 2014 Nov 5;9(11):e111066. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111066

Table 1. A summary of the patient characteristics.

Patient Characteristics PK analysis (N = 237) PK-PD analysis (N = 169)
N (%) or mean ± SD (range) N (%) or mean ± SD (range)
Body weight [kg] 48.8±20.9 (9.6–120.5) 51.0±20.1 (13.0–120.5)
Age [years] 17.2±8.3 (2.2–52.2) 18.0±7.8 (3.0–52.2)
Gender (men/women) 137 (57.8%)/100 (42.2%) 102 (60.4%)/67 (39.6%)
VPA dose [mg/day] 934.3±540.2 (100–2600) 903.8±502.7 (100–2600)
VPA concentration [µg/mL] 68.15±26.54 (7.70–165.0) 67.8±25.7 (7.7–143.0)
Seizure locus
Generalize 111 (46.8%) 75 (44.4%)
Partial 119 (50.2%) 87 (51.5%)
Unidentified 7 (3.0%) 7 (4.1%)
Seizure type
Idiopathic 64 (27.0%) 42 (24.8%)
Symptomatic 75 (31.7%) 50 (29.6%)
Cryptogenic 98 (41.3%) 77 (45.6%)
γ-GT [IU/L] 51.3±68.6 (7–515) 48.3±65.1 (2.4–515)
ALT [IU/L] 19.1±15.7(5–134) 18.8±15.1 (4–134)
AST [IU/L] 23.0±10.2 (9–103) 23.4±9.9 (9–103)
Creatinine [mg/dL] 0.5±0.2 (0.1–1.5) 0.6±0.2 (0.1–1.5)
BUN [mg/dL] 12.7±3.7 (3.5–28.3) 13.0±3.7 (3.5–28.3)
Intellectual disability 131 (55.3%) 97 (57.4%)
Monotherapy 378 (45.7%) 226 (47.8%)
Co-administration
CBZ 190 (23.0%) 94 (19.9%)
CLB 128 (15.5%) 90 (19.0%)
GBP 8 (1.0%) 5 (1.1%)
PB 73 (8.8%) 28 (5.9%)
PHT 88 (10.6%) 45 (9.5%)
TPM 44 (5.3%) 29 (6.1%)
ZNS 59 (7.1%) 27 (5.7%)

PK = pharmacokinetic; PD = pharmacodynamic; N = number; SD = standard deviation; VPA = valproic acid; γ-GT: γ-glutamyltransferase; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; BUN = blood urea nitrogen; CBZ = carbamazepine; CLB = clobazam; GBP = gabapentine; PB = phenobarbital; PHT = phenytoin; TPM = topiramate; ZNS = zonisamide.