Salivary cortisol concentrations (a) before and after intranasal administration of OXT or placebo in all subjects; (b) before and after intranasal administration of placebo in subjects with ELS and controls; and (c) before and after intranasal administration of OXT in subjects with ELS and controls. Abbreviations: ELS, early life stress; OXT, oxytocin; Plc, placebo; MIST, Montreal Imaging Stress Task; T0, baseline; T1, 45 min after OXT/placebo administration; T2, immediately before the MIST; T3, immediately after the MIST; T4, 20 min after the completion of the MIST. Error bars denote SEM.