Table 3.
Differences in central and peripheral hemodynamic variables between patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and healthy participants at rest, during exercise and the change from rest to exercise
| Rest | Exercise | Change from rest to exercise | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T2DM (n = 37) | Healthy (n = 37) | P value | T2DM (n = 37) | Healthy (n = 37) | P value | T2DM (n = 37) | Healthy (n = 37) | P value | |
| Central hemodynamics | |||||||||
| Peak reservoir pressure (mm Hg) | 36 ± 8 | 32 ± 4 | 0.016 | 18 ± 10 | 15 ± 5 | 0.17 | −19 ± 10 | −17 ± 10 | 0.49 |
| Reservoir pressure integral (Pa.s) | 1872 ± 520 | 1869 ± 369 | 0.97 | 794 ± 485 | 694 ± 263 | 0.40 | −1413 ± 570 | −1441 ± 454 | 0.81 |
| Peak excess pressure (mm Hg) | 35 ± 9 | 30 ± 4 | 0.005 | 73 ± 16 | 58 ± 12 | <0.001 | 37 ± 19 | 27 ± 11 | 0.013 |
| Excess pressure integral (Pa.s) | 630 ± 197 | 493 ± 98 | <0.001 | 1644 ± 437 | 1255 ± 472 | <0.001 | 970 ± 468 | 776 ± 470 | 0.079 |
| Central systolic BP (mm Hg) | 114 ± 11 | 103 ± 10 | <0.001 | 132 ± 14 | 114 ± 13 | <0.001 | 18 ± 12 | 11 ± 11 | 0.015 |
| Central pulse pressure (mm Hg) | 45 ± 9 | 37 ± 5 | <0.001 | 52 ± 12 | 39 ± 7 | <0.001 | 8 ± 9 | 2 ± 7 | 0.003 |
| 0.Pulse pressure amplification (ratio) | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 1.3 ± 0.1 | <0.001 | 1.5 ± 0.1 | 1.6 ± 0.1 | 0.007 | 0.26 ± 0.11 | 0.23 ± 0.09 | 0.37 |
| Augmented pressure (mm Hg) | 13 ± 4.8 | 8 ± 5 | <0.001 | 9 ± 6 | 4 ± 4 | <0.001 | −4 ± 5 | −4 ± 3 | 0.78 |
| Augmentation index (%) | 29 ± 6.8 | 21 ± 10 | <0.001 | 17 ± 9 | 10 ± 6 | 0.001 | −12 ± 7 | −11 ± 6 | 0.68 |
| Augmentation index (at 75 bpm) | 23 ± 6 | 13 ± 11 | <0.001 | 25 ± 9 | 14 ± 11 | <0.001 | 0.8 ± 9 | 1 ± 7 | 0.73 |
| *Adjusted augmentation index (%) | 26 ± 6.7 | 23 ± 6.7 | <0.001 | 14.6 ± 8.0 | 11.9 ± 7.9 | <0.001 | −11.6 ± 6.7 | −11.5 ± 6.8 | 0.58 |
| Aortic pulse wave velocity (m/s) | 8.01 ± 2.16 | 6.29 ± 1.42 | <0.001 | 9.73 ± 2.10 | 7.02 ± 1.43 | <0.001 | 2.14 ± 2.59 | 0.32 ± 2.71 | 0.004 |
| Heart rate (bpm) | 64 ± 8 | 58 ± 8 | 0.001 | 92 ± 12 | 86 ± 12 | 0.043 | 27 ± 9 | 28 ± 9 | 0.58 |
| Cardiac output (L/min) | 5.24 ± 0.90 | 4.50 ± 0.73 | <0.001 | 8.22 ± 1.54 | 7.91 ± 1.28 | 0.35 | 2.9 ± 1.3 | 3.4 ± 1.3 | 0.103 |
| Stroke volume (mL) | 82 ± 11 | 78 ± 15 | 0.26 | 90 ± 13 | 93 ± 14 | 0.36 | 7 ± 12 | 14 ± 11 | 0.017 |
| Peripheral hemodynamics | |||||||||
| Brachial systolic BP (mm Hg) | 124 ± 12 | 114 ± 9 | <0.001 | 155 ± 17 | 134 ± 14 | <0.001 | 31 ± 13 | 20 ± 13 | <0.001 |
| Brachial diastolic BP (mm Hg) | 68 ± 8 | 65 ± 6 | 0.064 | 77 ± 9 | 73 ± 9 | 0.097 | 8 ± 6 | 9 ± 8 | 0.93 |
| Brachial pulse pressure (mm Hg) | 55 ± 10 | 49 ± 5 | 0.002 | 78 ± 15 | 60 ± 10 | <0.001 | 23 ± 11 | 11 ± 10 | <0.001 |
| Systemic vascular resistance (d.s.cm−5) | 1369 ± 243 | 1503 ± 268 | 0.027 | 1004.38 ± 201 | 973 ± 157 | 0.45 | −354 ± 206 | −529 ± 247 | 0.001 |
Data expressed as mean ± standard deviation. BP, blood pressure. P is for between group analyses. *Augmentation index adjusted for age, sex, heart rate and height.