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. 2014 Oct 24;14:781. doi: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-781

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© Zou et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2014

This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Expression patterns of CXCL1 and TGF-β signaling proteins in breast cancer stroma. Adjacent sections of normal breast (n=54) and invasive breast carcinoma (n=57) on TMAs were subject to immunohistochemistry staining for TGF-β, phosphorylated SMAD2 and phosphorylated SMAD3 proteins. Magnified insets show representative staining in fibroblastic cells. Expression was quantified by Image J, arbitrary units. Scale bar =50 microns. Statistical analysis was performed using Kruskall-Wallis tests, followed by Dunn’s post-hoc comparison. Statistical significance was determined by p <0.05. *p ≤0.001, **p ≤0.05. Values are expressed as Mean ± SEM.