Table 4.

Protein expression of TGF-β signaling components inversely correlate with CXCL1 expression in breast stroma

Signaling component	r	95% CI	p-value	n
TGF-β	-0.33	-0.52 to -0.09	0.01	69
p-Smad2	-0.25	-0.44 to -0.027	0.02	80
p-Smad3	-0.32	-0.50 to -0.10	<0.01	81

Spearman Correlation used to determine the association between expression of CXCL1 and expression of TGF-β signaling components in normal and breast cancer stroma. Normal stroma refers to samples from both reduction mammoplasty and adjacent breast tissue.

Significance was determined by p<0.05. r= correlation coefficient.