Table 3.
Modeling variation in the Health Utilities Index
| Coefficient | 95% CI | P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years, reference: 18-44) | 0.000 | |||
| 45-64 | -0.023 | -0.038 | -0.009 | 0.002 |
| 65+ | -0.054 | -0.077 | -0.032 | 0.000 |
| Male | 0.011 | -0.002 | 0.024 | 0.090 |
| Marital status (reference: single) | 0.000 | |||
| Married or common law partner | 0.017 | 0.000 | 0.034 | 0.045 |
| Separated, divorced, or widowed | -0.025 | -0.050 | 0.000 | 0.055 |
| Race/ethnicity (reference: White) | ||||
| Other | 0.007 | -0.014 | 0.028 | 0.501 |
| Foreign born | 0.008 | -0.012 | 0.028 | 0.427 |
| Smoking (reference: never smoked) | 0.000 | |||
| Former smoker and started smoking at or after 18 years | -0.085 | -0.150 | -0.020 | 0.010 |
| Former smoker and started smoking before 18 years | -0.101 | -0.164 | -0.038 | 0.002 |
| Current smoker and started smoking at or after 18 years | -0.082 | -0.131 | -0.033 | 0.001 |
| Current smoker and started smoking before 18 years | -0.104 | -0.157 | -0.051 | 0.000 |
| BMI (reference: normal weight) | 0.053 | |||
| Underweight | -0.004 | -0.046 | 0.038 | 0.852 |
| Overweight | -0.012 | -0.025 | 0.001 | 0.080 |
| Obese | -0.026 | -0.046 | -0.006 | 0.010 |
| Frequency of physical activity (reference: regular) | 0.000 | |||
| Occasional | -0.012 | -0.028 | 0.003 | 0.123 |
| Infrequent | -0.084 | -0.109 | -0.060 | 0.000 |
| Household income (reference: lowest income quintile) | 0.363 | |||
| Lower middle income quintile | -0.026 | -0.057 | 0.006 | 0.108 |
| Middle income quintile | -0.004 | -0.033 | 0.025 | 0.765 |
| Higher middle income quintile | 0.001 | -0.027 | 0.029 | 0.945 |
| Highest middle income quintile | 0.000 | -0.027 | 0.026 | 0.977 |
| Income missing | 0.014 | -0.017 | 0.044 | 0.375 |
| Education (reference: less than high school) | 0.023 | |||
| High school graduate | 0.022 | 0.000 | 0.043 | 0.048 |
| Non-university/college certificate | 0.021 | -0.003 | 0.045 | 0.084 |
| University/college certificate | 0.033 | 0.011 | 0.056 | 0.003 |
| Has regular medical doctor | -0.029 | -0.044 | -0.015 | 0.000 |
| Presence of self-reported unmet need | -0.120 | -0.149 | -0.090 | 0.000 |
| Treatment for high blood pressure in the last 12 months (reference: no treatment) | 0.002 | |||
| Received treatment | 0.060 | -0.008 | 0.128 | 0.082 |
| No high blood pressure | 0.090 | 0.026 | 0.154 | 0.006 |
| Medication for asthma in the last 12 months (reference: no medication) | 0.003 | |||
| Received medication | 0.027 | -0.021 | 0.074 | 0.268 |
| No asthma | 0.056 | 0.018 | 0.094 | 0.004 |
| Has pharmaceutical insurance | -0.012 | -0.028 | 0.004 | 0.135 |
| Smoking x household income (reference: never smoked x lowest income quintile) | 0.003 | |||
| Former smoker and started smoking at or after 18 years | ||||
| x Lower middle income quintile | 0.081 | 0.004 | 0.159 | 0.039 |
| x Middle income quintile | 0.081 | 0.007 | 0.155 | 0.031 |
| x Higher middle income quintile | 0.074 | 0.001 | 0.147 | 0.046 |
| x Highest middle income quintile | 0.089 | 0.019 | 0.158 | 0.012 |
| x Income missing | 0.048 | -0.046 | 0.142 | 0.319 |
| Former smoker and started smoking before 18 years | ||||
| x Lower middle income quintile | 0.074 | -0.001 | 0.149 | 0.054 |
| x Middle income quintile | 0.086 | 0.012 | 0.161 | 0.023 |
| x Higher middle income quintile | 0.124 | 0.056 | 0.193 | 0.000 |
| x Highest middle income quintile | 0.112 | 0.044 | 0.180 | 0.001 |
| x Income missing | 0.074 | -0.007 | 0.155 | 0.075 |
| Current smoker and started smoking at or after 18 years | ||||
| x Lower middle income quintile | 0.082 | 0.015 | 0.149 | 0.017 |
| x Middle income quintile | 0.065 | -0.006 | 0.135 | 0.071 |
| x Higher middle income quintile | 0.079 | 0.021 | 0.138 | 0.008 |
| x Highest middle income quintile | 0.065 | -0.001 | 0.130 | 0.053 |
| x Income missing | 0.019 | -0.057 | 0.096 | 0.624 |
| Current smoker and started smoking before 18 years | ||||
| x Lower middle income quintile | 0.108 | 0.036 | 0.179 | 0.003 |
| x Middle income quintile | 0.063 | -0.019 | 0.146 | 0.133 |
| x Higher middle income quintile | 0.139 | 0.074 | 0.205 | 0.000 |
| x Highest middle income quintile | 0.085 | 0.013 | 0.156 | 0.020 |
| x Income missing | 0.043 | -0.054 | 0.139 | 0.385 |
| Constant | 0.808 | 0.724 | 0.892 | 0.000 |
| Adjusted R-squared | 0.199 | |||
Data source: Joint Canada/United States Survey of Health (JCUSH).
CI: confidence interval; BMI: body mass index.
P-value for each variable category is from t-test; p-values that appear for the reference is from F-test for all category of each variable.
Analysis is weighted. Standard errors are adjusted for the complex survey design.