. 2014 Nov 3;5:1944–1965. doi: 10.3762/bjnano.5.205

Table 2.

Comparison of the cytotoxic and (pro-)inflammatory responses induced in different model systems exposed to PVP-coated silver nanoparticles.

model		species	dose (silver)	cytotoxic response	(pro)-inflammatory response

in vitro	epithelial airway barrier model, cultured at the air-liquid interface	human	0.03 µg cm⁻² 0.3 µg cm⁻² 3 µg cm⁻²	none none none	none none transient^a
ex vivo	precision-cut lung slices (PCLS)	rat	10 µg mL⁻¹ 20 µg mL⁻¹ 30 µg mL⁻¹	none weak weak	none none none^b
in vivo	intratracheal instillation	rat	50 µg 250 µg	none moderate	none moderate^c

^aSignificant increase in mRNA for TNF-α after 4 h, which decreased to control values after 24 h. No increase in TNF-α protein after 4 h and 24 h as determined by ELISA [125]. ^bSignificant, but weak increase in LDH release after incubation for 4 h and 24 h. No increase in CXCL-1 or TNF-α protein as determined by ELISA [126]. ^cSignificant increases in BALF LDH, total protein, and cytokine levels as well as in BALF neutrophil numbers 24 h after intratracheal instillation of 250 µg silver nanoparticles [124].