investigated property |
results |
reference |
|
physical properties |
diameter of the metallic core of 70 nm; hydrodynamic diameter of 120 nm; zeta potential of −20 mV |
[33] |
dispersability |
dispersable in water; agglomeration in salt-containing solutions; good dispersability in the presence of proteins |
[48] |
dissolution |
dissolves in the presence of oxygen under the release of silver ions |
[20,33] |
protein adsorption |
enclosed by a protein corona in biological media |
[55,69] |
uptake by cells |
endocytosis (hMSC, primary T-cells, primary monocytes, astrocytes) |
[77–78,108] |
visualization inside cells |
fluorescence microscopy; X-ray microscopy; FIB/SEM |
[77–78]; this work |
cytotoxicity (particles prepared and stored under air) |
hMSC: 25–50 µg mL−1; primary T-cells: >50 µg mL−1; primary monocytes: 50 µg mL−1; astrocytes: no toxicity after 24 h exposure to 10 µg mL−1 and after 4 h incubation with up to 30 µg mL−1 for 4 h; HaCaT cells: ≥30 µg mL−1
|
[33,48,108–109,139,142] |
bactericidal effect |
E. coli: 12.5 to 50 µg mL−1; S. aureus: 20–50 µg mL−1
|
[142] |
genotoxicity |
induces the formation of DNA double strand breaks (DSB), chromosomal aberrations and sister-chromatid exchanges (CHO9, K1, V79B cell lines) at 5 µg mL−1
|
this work |
intratracheal instillation of rats |
moderate pulmonary toxicity (250 µg Ag) |
[124] |
precision-cut lung slices (PCLS) (rat) |
moderate pulmonary toxicity (30 µg Ag mL−1) |
[126] |
epithelial airway barrier model, cultured at the air–liquid interface |
transient increase in mRNA for TNF-α after 4 h for 3 µg Ag cm−2
|
[125] |
skin exposure |
penetration to 10–18 µm on porcine ear skin 16 h after application of 12 µg Ag cm−2
|
[138] |