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. 2013 Nov 22;13:315. doi: 10.1186/1471-244X-13-315

Table 5.

Estimated differences in costs for patients in step-down and outpatient treatment

  ∆ costs: first trial period (0 8months)
∆ change in costs per month during trial
∆ costs: entire trial period (36 months)
Model fit
∆ mean estimate (SE) P ∆ initial slope (SE) P ∆ curvature (SE) P ∆ grand mean (SE) P AIC
Costs per patient
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(A) Monthly costs of treatment
∆ (SDC-OPC)
720 (69)
.00
−86 (7)
.00
2 (0.2)
.00
281 (33)
.00
4814
Predictor effects within OPC
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
∆ (APD - other PDs)
264 (101)
.01
−19 (12)
ns
0.4 (0.3)
ns
136 (43)
.00
4813
∆ (BPD - other PDs)
−11 (101)
ns
−8 (11)
ns
0.2 (0.3)
ns
61 (41)
ns
4819
(B) Monthly costs of emergency services
∆ (SDC-OPC)
−797 (500)
ns
45 (64)
ns
−0.4 (1.9)
ns
−331 (28)
.00
5541
Moderator effects
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ∆ (SDCAPD - OPCAPD)
−2411 (829)
.005
179 (109)
ns
−3.4 (3.3)
ns
−956 (120)
.00
5547
 ∆ (SDCBPD - OPCBPD)
−1451 (749)
ns
199 (95)
.04
−4.9 (2.8)
ns
−303 (86)
.00
5546
(C) Sum of all monthly costs
∆ (SDC-OPC)
10 (504)
ns
−53 (65)
ns
2 (2)
ns
7 (44)
ns
5625
Moderator effects
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ∆ (SDCAPD - OPCAPD)
−1717 (829)
.04
92 (109)
ns
−1.3 (3.5)
ns
−905 (147)
.00
5626
 ∆ (SDCBPD - OPCBPD)
−639 (755)
ns
94 (96)
ns
−2.1 (3.0)
ns
−37 (88)
ns
5632
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Mean estimate (SE)
 
Incremental costs (SE)
SDC
OPC
(D) Sum of all costs over 36 months All patients
 
 
 
 
 
 
31823 (479)
31607 (956)
ns
 
Moderator effects
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Predicted change: APD (not BPD)
 
 
 
 
 
 
35524 (381)
49728 (525)
.00
−14204 (633)
Predicted change: BPD (not APD)             29709 (1275) 21309 (2482) ns  

Table 5 shows mixed-model estimates of (A) treatment, (B) emergency, and (C) total (all health service) costs (€) in models with treatment included as a predictor (SDC: the step-down condition, OPC: the outpatient condition). Monthly costs in the first trial period, change per month for the 0–36 month trial period, and grand means for the whole trial period are presented as: (1) ∆ (SDC-OPC): Differences (∆) between SDC and OPC. (2) Predictor effects within OPC: Cost differences for subgroups within OPC. (3) Moderator effects: Cost differences between SDC and OPC for subgroups of patients with (a) avoidant PD, APD: ∆ (SDCAPD - OPCAPD) and (b) borderline PD, BPD: ∆ (SDCBPD - OPCBPD). Estimates are presented as means with standard errors (SE). Akaikes Information Criterion (AIC) indicates goodness of fit for each model. Table 5 also shows (D): The sum of all costs over 36 months: Estimations of total 36-month costs and incremental costs (if significant SDC-OPC difference) based on mixed-model predicted values for all patients and subgroups with (a) avoidant and (b) borderline PD. P-values are presented if p < 0.05, ns indicates p > 0.05.