Figure 4.

Third step of Al-hijamah (second suction step).

Notes: (A) Clearance of blood during Al-hijamah. External pressure applied through sucking cups helps filtration of small molecules through fenestrated skin capillaries. Small molecules in iron overload include iron, ferritin, liberated hemoglobin, and debris of hemolyzed or fragmented blood cells. (B) Collected coagulated bloody fluids excreted through Al-hijamah. (C) Filtered fluids (plasma-like) coming out through shartat mihjam with repeated skin suctions.

Abbreviation: RBC, red blood cell.