Table 1.

Items of the general self-efficacy scale

Item #	Item description
1	I can always manage to solve difficult problems if I try hard enough
2	If someone opposes me, I can find the means and ways to get what I want
3	It is easy for me to stick to my aims and accomplish my goals
4	I am confident that I could deal efficiently with unexpected events
5	Thanks to my resourcefulness, I know how to handle unforeseen situations
6	I can solve most problems if I invest the necessary effort
7	I can remain calm when facing difficulties because I can rely on my coping abilities
8	When I am confronted with a problem, I can usually find several solutions
9	If I am in trouble, I can usually think of a solution
10	I can usually handle whatever comes my way

Note. All items have the following response format: 1 = not at all true, 2 = hardly true, 3 = moderately true, 4 = exactly true [15].