Table 2.
Risk factors of NCDs and aging
| Risk factor studied | Disease or trait | Acclerated aging and impaired function | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Smoking |
Humoral immunity |
Immune system aging |
[48] |
| |
Inflammatory response |
Immune system aging |
[53] |
| |
Heart rate variabiltiy |
Autnomous nervous system aging |
[54] |
| |
Alzheimer |
Premature cognitive impairment, CNS aging |
[55] |
| |
Atherosclerosis |
Cardiovascular aging |
[56] |
| |
Elastosis of the neck |
Skin aging |
[57] |
| |
Bone mineral density |
Bone aging |
[58] |
| Obesity, BMI, high calorie intake, |
Impaired immune response |
Immune system aging |
[59] |
| Waist-hip ratio, skin-folds, |
CD8 Tcell activation |
Immune system aging |
[59] |
| Body weight |
Lipodystrophy |
Adipocyte aging |
[60] |
| |
Heart rate variabiltiy |
Autnomous nervous system aging |
[61] |
| |
Alzheimer |
Premature cognitive impairment, CNS aging |
[55] |
| |
Atherosclerosis |
Cardiovascular aging |
[56] |
| |
Alopecia |
Hair aging |
[62] |
| |
Bone mineral density |
Bone aging |
[58] |
| Dyslipidemia |
Atherosclerosis |
Cardiovascular aging |
[56] |
| |
Alopecia |
Hair aging |
[62] |
| History of diabetes |
Alzheimer |
Premature cognitive impairment, CNS aging |
[55] |
| |
Bone mineral density |
Bone aging |
[58] |
| Hypertension, |
Alzheimer |
Premature cognitive impairment, CNS aging |
[55] |
| High resting pulse |
Atherosclerosis |
Cardiovascular aging |
[56] |
| |
Osteoporosis |
Bone aging |
[63] |
| |
Bone mineral density |
Bone aging |
[58] |
| Other chronic diseases, |
Immunosenescence |
Immune system aging |
[64] |
| Comorbidity |
Lipodystrophy |
Adipocyte aging |
[65] |
| |
Atherosclerosis |
Cardiovascular aging |
[56] |
| |
Sacropenia |
Muscle aging |
[66] |
| |
Osteoporosis |
Bone aging |
[63] |
| Medication intake |
Sacropenia |
Muscle aging |
[66] |
| |
Osteoporosis |
Bone aging |
[63] |
| UV light/sun exposure |
Alopecia |
Hair aging |
[62] |
| Low sun exposure |
Elastosis of the neck |
Skin aging |
[57] |
| |
Sacropenia |
Muscle aging |
[66] |
| Health behaviours |
Alzheimer |
Premature cognitive impairment, CNS aging |
[55] |
| Low level of mental activity |
Atherosclerosis |
Cardiovascular aging |
[56] |
| Physical inactivity |
Sacropenia |
Muscle aging |
[66] |
| |
Osteoporosis |
Bone aging |
[63] |
| Depression |
Atherosclerosis |
Cardiovascular aging |
[56] |
| Poor diet |
Sacropenia |
Muscle aging |
[66] |
| Weight loss/no weight gain |
Osteoporosis |
Bone aging |
[63] |
| Low education |
Alzheimer |
Premature cognitive impairment, CNS aging |
[55] |
| |
Atherosclerosis |
Cardiovascular aging |
[56] |
| Psychosocial factors | Alzheimer | Premature cognitive impairment, CNS aging | [55] |
Content of table is illustrative, not exhaustive.