Table 5.
Changes in BMI and psychological measures after one year of intervention.
| Variable | Group | Base line Mean (SD) |
95% CI | 1 Year Mean (SD) |
95% CI | p – value (within group) | % Change | p – value (between the groups) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| STRESS | PSS | Y | 18.76 (4.73) | 9.48–28.03 | 15.54 (4.5) | 6.72–24.36 | 0.001** | 14.94 | 0.12 |
| C | 16.28 (4.46) | 7.53–25.021 | 16.75 (4.30) | 8.32–25.178 | 0.49 | 6.71 | |||
| PANAS | Positive | Y | 39.18 (8.16) | 23.18–55.17 | 40.54 (7.97) | 24.91–56.16 | 0.08 | 3.47 | 0.02* |
| C | 34.67 (8.72) | 17.57–51.76 | 35.83 (8.72) | 18.73–52.92 | 0.36 | 3.34 | |||
| Negative | Y | 28.57 (8.71) | 11.49–45.64 | 26.82 (8.08) | 10.98–42.65 | 0.03* | 6.12 | 0.97 | |
| C | 27.0 (9.46) | 8.45–45.54 | 26.3 (7.62) | 11.36–41.23 | 0.76 | 2.59 | |||
| HADS | Anxiety | Y | 7.42 (3.40) | 0.75–14.08 | 5.75 (3.46) | −1.03 to 12.53 | 0.001** | 27.03 | 0.42 |
| C | 7.84 (3.05) | 1.86–13.81 | 6.15 (2.98) | 0.30–11.99 | 0.003* | 13.02 | |||
| Depression | Y | 6.59 (3.44) | −0.15 to 13.33 | 4.65 (3.51) | −2.22 to 11.52 | 0.001** | 30.77 | 0.07 | |
| C | 6.85 (3.56) | −0.12 to 13.82 | 5.61 (3.30) | −0.85 to 12.07 | 0.05* | 14.66 | |||
| BMI (kg/m2) | ≥23 | Y | 26.60 (2.30) | 26.16–27.03 | 24.47 (1.85) | 20.84–28.09 | 0.001** | 8.00 | 0.038* |
| C | 26.15 (2.10) | 25.76–26.53 | 25.82 (2.25) | 21.41–30.23 | 0.161 | 1.26 | |||
| <23 | Y | 21.47 (1.32) | 18.88–24.05 | 21.70 (1.35) | 20.72–22.67 | 0.55 | 1.07 | 0.39 | |
| C | 21.07 (1.50) | 19.13–24.01 | 20.94 (2.49) | 18.32–23.56 | 0.50 | 0.61 | |||
| Total | Y | 26.76 (3.24) | 20.40–33.11 | 23.93 (2.56) | 18.91–28.94 | 0.001** | 6.72 | 0.001** | |
| C | 25.22 (3.15) | 19.04–31.39 | 24.93 (3.46) | 18.14–31.71 | 0.09 | 1.15 | |||
| Body weight (kgs) | ≥65 | Y | 73.71 (7.88) | 58.26–89.15 | 67.13 (7.59) | 52.25–82.00 | 0.001 | 8.93 | 0.001** |
| C | 75.73 (7.97) | 60.10–91.35 | 73.88 (8.08) | 58.04–89.71 | 0.0015 | 2.45 | |||
| <65 | Y | 63.13 (4.98) | 53.36–72.89 | 60.42 (4.47) | 51.65–69.18 | 0.001** | 4.29 | 0.64 | |
| C | 61.33 (6.57) | 48.45–74.20 | 61.10 (7.85) | 45.71–76.48 | 0.67 | 0.37 | |||
| Total | Y | 69.01 (8.85) | 51.66–86.35 | 64.12 (7.42) | 49.57–78.66 | 0.001** | 7.32 | 0.01* | |
| C | 68.17 (10.34) | 47.90–88.43 | 67.34 (10.41) | 46.93–87.74 | 0.035 | 1.22 | |||
| FBS (mg%) | ≥110 | Y | 147.22 (35.46) | 77.71–216.72 | 135.52 (52.03) | 33.54–237.49 | 0.008* | 7.65 | 0.41 |
| C | 153.77 (41.07) | 73.27–234.26 | 142.48 (50.66) | 43.18–241.77 | 0.08 | 7.34 | |||
| ≥125 | Y | 156.17 (21.34) | 115.15–197.99 | 149.3 (61.9) | 27.98–270.62 | 0.59 | 4.20 | 0.47 | |
| C | 154.41 (18.07) | 119.00–189.82 | 139.00 (46.50) | 47.86–230.14 | 0.17 | 9.97 | |||
| ≥200 | Y | 233.00 (29.46) | 159.81–306.19 | 164.00 (14.17) | 136.23–191.77 | 0.03* | 29.60 | 0.32 | |
| C | 228.40 (27.42) | 190.85–270.15 | 159.80 (44.63) | 72.33–247.27 | 0.06 | 30.03 | |||
| <125 | Y | 117.20 (36.71) | 45.25–181.15 | 121.28 (47.06) | 29.05–213.15 | 0.46 | 3.48 | 0.95 | |
| C | 111.35 (38.34) | 36.21–186.49 | 120.76 (45.65) | 31.29–210.13 | 0.21 | 8.45 | |||
| Total | Y | 122.3 (44.13) | 35.80–208.79 | 119.50 (45.64) | 30.04–208.95 | 0.04* | 2.79 | 0.75 | |
| C | 121 (49.61) | 23.76–218.23 | 124.02 (46.49) | 32.89–215.14 | 0.27 | 2.41 |
*p < 0.05, **p < 0.001.
Legend: Table 5 shows significant differences between the groups where yoga-based lifestyle modification (Y) group showed better improvement in positive affect, BMI and bodyweight as compared to physiotherapy-based lifestyle modification (C).
Abbreviations: PSS: Perceived Stress Scale; PANAS: Positive and Negative Affect Scale; HADS: Hospitals Anxiety and Depression Scale; BMI: Body Mass Index; FBS: Fasting Blood Sugar; Y: yoga group (yoga life style program); C: control (physiotherapy life style program); SD: standard deviation.