. 2014 Jul 15;14:227. doi: 10.1186/1471-2393-14-227

Table 3.

Proportion of cases and controls reporting barriers to prenatal care (PNC) utilization and the association with inadequate prenatal care (Mantel-Haenszel odds ratio and 95% confidence interval [CI]) among inner-city women, Winnipeg, MB, 2007–2010

Barriers	Cases (inadequate PNC)	Controls (adequate PNC)	Mantel-Haenszel odds ratio	95% CI
	n = 202	n = 406
	n (%)	n (%)
	Total n¹(denominator)	Total n¹(denominator)
Negative attitudes toward pregnancy
Unplanned pregnancy	79 (39.5)	32 (7.9)	7.54	4.77 – 11.93
Unplanned pregnancy	n = 200	n = 406	7.54	4.77 – 11.93
Considering abortion	53 (26.4)	7 (1.7)	20.03	8.83 – 45.40
Considering abortion	n = 201	n = 406	20.03	8.83 – 45.40
Unaware of pregnancy	49 (24.4)	8 (2.0)	16.07	7.48 – 34.54
Unaware of pregnancy	n = 201	n = 405	16.07	7.48 – 34.54
Unhappy about pregnancy	32 (15.9)	8 (2.0)	9.41	4.25 – 20.87
Unhappy about pregnancy	n = 201	n = 406	9.41	4.25 – 20.87
Wanted to hide pregnancy	37 (18.4)	5 (1.2)	16.90	6.72 – 42.51
Wanted to hide pregnancy	n = 201	n = 406	16.90	6.72 – 42.51
Negative attitudes toward prenatal care
Go to emergency room or OB triage unit when problems occur	72 (35.8)	30 (7.4)	7.09	4.41 – 11.40
Go to emergency room or OB triage unit when problems occur	n = 201	n = 406	7.09	4.41 – 11.40
Receive advice about pregnancy from family/friends	90 (44.8)	37 (9.1)	8.26	5.30 – 12.87
Receive advice about pregnancy from family/friends	n = 201	n = 406	8.26	5.30 – 12.87
Can take care of self during pregnancy	103 (51.2)	25 (6.2)	15.79	9.68 – 25.75
Can take care of self during pregnancy	n = 201	n = 406	15.79	9.68 – 25.75
Did not think you needed PNC	50 (24.9)	3 (0.7)	45.65	13.93 – 149.58
Did not think you needed PNC	n = 201	n = 406	45.65	13.93 – 149.58
Afraid of/do not like medical tests and exams	51 (25.4)	8 (2.0)	17.30	7.93 – 37.76
Afraid of/do not like medical tests and exams	n = 201	n = 406	17.30	7.93 – 37.76
Do not like needles or medications	56 (27.9)	15 (3.7)	10.39	5.65 – 19.09
Do not like needles or medications	n = 201	n = 406	10.39	5.65 – 19.09
Dissatisfied with care received	32 (16.0)	13 (3.2)	5.79	2.96 – 11.32
Dissatisfied with care received	n = 200	n = 406	5.79	2.96 – 11.32
Do not like health care workers	14 (7.0)	5 (1.2)	6.28	2.18 – 18.07
Do not like health care workers	n = 201	n = 406	6.28	2.18 – 18.07
Forgot appointment	102 (50.7)	63 (15.5)	5.97	4.00 – 8.89
Forgot appointment	n = 201	n = 406	5.97	4.00 – 8.89
Psychosocial stress
Under stress	110 (54.7)	38 (9.4)	11.55	7.47 – 17.84
Under stress	n = 201	n = 406	11.55	7.47 – 17.84
Depressed	65 (32.3)	18 (4.4)	10.15	5.81 – 17.73
Depressed	n = 201	n = 406	10.15	5.81 – 17.73
Personal problems	79 (39.3)	23 (5.7)	10.85	6.52 – 18.06
Personal problems	n = 201	n = 406	10.85	6.52 – 18.06
Not thinking straight	55 (27.4)	9 (2.2)	17.10	8.16 – 35.82
Not thinking straight	n = 201	n = 406	17.10	8.16 – 35.82
Did not feel well	97 (48.3)	69 (17.0)	4.67	3.18 – 6.86
Did not feel well	n = 201	n = 406	4.67	3.18 – 6.86
Family problems	71 (35.3)	12 (3.0)	18.01	9.41 – 34.45
Family problems	n = 201	n = 406	18.01	9.41 – 34.45
Did not feel good about self	48 (23.9)	13 (3.2)	9.57	5.03 – 18.19
Did not feel good about self	n = 201	n = 405	9.57	5.03 – 18.19
Problems with husband/boyfriend	40 (19.9)	10 (2.5)	9.23	4.51 – 18.89
Problems with husband/boyfriend	n = 201	n = 396	9.23	4.51 – 18.89
Physically abused by husband or boyfriend	11 (5.5)	2 (0.5)	11.44	2.51 – 52.21
Physically abused by husband or boyfriend	n = 200	n = 396	11.44	2.51 – 52.21
Worried about risk of baby being apprehended by Child and Family Services	42 (20.9)	5 (1.2)	20.75	8.11 – 53.07
	n = 201	n = 406	20.75	8.11 – 53.07
Structural
Unaware of where to go for PNC	53 (27.0)	32 (8.1)	4.17	2.58 – 6.72
Unaware of where to go for PNC	n = 196	n = 394	4.17	2.58 – 6.72
Could not get an appointment	54 (27.8)	29 (7.3)	4.85	2.97 – 7.93
Could not get an appointment	n = 194	n = 398	4.85	2.97 – 7.93
Long wait to get an appointment	78 (40.2)	41 (10.3)	5.77	3.75 – 8.89
Long wait to get an appointment	n = 194	n = 398	5.77	3.75 – 8.89
Appointment cancelled by clinic	21 (11.1)	26 (6.5)	1.76	0.96 – 3.21
Appointment cancelled by clinic	n = 189	n = 399	1.76	0.96 – 3.21
Clinic hours inconvenient	32 (16.8)	32 (8.1)	2.30	1.37 – 3.89
Clinic hours inconvenient	n = 190	n = 396	2.30	1.37 – 3.89
Had to wait too long in waiting room to see provider	65 (35.3)	86 (21.6)	1.99	1.35 – 2.93
Had to wait too long in waiting room to see provider	n = 184	n = 398	1.99	1.35 – 2.93
Didn’t think you could communicate with staff	21 (11.0)	27 (6.8)	1.68	0.92 – 3.06
Didn’t think you could communicate with staff	n = 191	n = 396	1.68	0.92 – 3.06
Did not like staff attitudes	22 (11.6)	29 (7.3)	1.68	0.94 – 3.00
Did not like staff attitudes	n = 189	n = 399	1.68	0.94 – 3.00
Lack of Personal and Economic Resources
Child care problems	59 (41.3)	18 (8.3)	7.58	4.21 – 13.66
Child care problems	n = 143	n = 217
Transportation problems	92 (48.4)	49 (12.6)	6.44	4.26 – 9.74
Transportation problems	n = 190	n = 390	6.44	4.26 – 9.74
Moving a lot	45 (22.4)	10 (2.5)	11.01	5.45 – 22.22
Moving a lot	n = 201	n = 406	11.01	5.45 – 22.22
Were or are homeless	14 (7.0)	3 (0.7)	9.93	2.82 – 34.94
Were or are homeless	n = 201	n = 406	9.93	2.82 – 34.94
Inability to take time off work	6 (9.1)	18 (6.1)	1.64	0.61 – 4.41
Inability to take time off work	n = 66	n = 293	1.64	0.61 – 4.41
Miscellaneous
Did not want to be examined by a man	62 (31.0)	32 (7.9)	5.19	3.25 – 8.28
Did not want to be examined by a man	n = 200	n = 404	5.19	3.25 – 8.28
Fear of crime near the home or clinic	21 (10.4)	16 (3.9)	2.87	1.46 – 5.64
Fear of crime near the home or clinic	n = 201	n = 406	2.87	1.46 – 5.64

¹The total n, or denominator for the percentage reported, reflects the number of cases or controls who responded either “yes” or “no” to each item and excludes those who responded “not applicable” or who had no response to that item.