Table 2.
Predictors of nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI), non-nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) and protease inhibitor (PI) resistance
| |
NRTI
a
resistance OR (95% CI) |
NNRTI
b
resistance OR (95% CI) |
PI
c
resistance OR (95% CI) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Univariate | Multivariate | Univariate | Multivariate | Univariate | Multivariate | |
|
Gender, Female vs. Male |
0.74 (0.66-0.82) |
0.67 (0.58-0.77) |
0.93 (0.77-1.11) |
0.82 (0.68-0.98) |
0.62 (0.55-0.70) |
0.59 (0.50-0.69) |
|
Risk factor |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Intravenous drug use |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
Men having sex with men |
1.17 (0.99-1.38) |
1.26 (1.05-1.51) |
0.63 (0.49-0.81) |
0.84 (0.70-1.03) |
1.47 (1.22-1.76) |
1.45 (1.18-1.79) |
|
Heterosexual sex |
1.01 (0.89-1.14) |
1.58 (1.36-1.84) |
0.78 (0.63-0.97) |
0.94 (0.72-1.27) |
1.01 (0.88-1.17) |
1.61 (1.36-1.91) |
|
Other
d
|
0.87 (0.75-1.01) |
1.68 (1.40-2.01) |
0.61 (0.47-0.79) |
0.89 (0.64-1.23) |
0.89 (0.75-1.06) |
1.53 (1.26-1.87) |
|
Age, per 10 years older |
1.17 (1.10-1.25) |
1.09 (1.01-1.17) |
0.93 (0.84-1.03) |
0.96 (0.85-1.09) |
1.17 (1.09-1.25) |
1.05 (0.97-1.14) |
|
HIV-1 Subtype, Non-B vs. B |
0.48 (0.40-0.56) |
0.79 (0.65-0.97) |
0.58 (0.44-0.77) |
0.80 (0.56-1.15) |
0.48 (0.38-.59) |
0.83 (0.64-1.06) |
|
Viral load |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
> 5 Log copies/ml |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
4 - 5 Log copies/ml |
2.36 (2.04-2.73) |
2.16 (1.83-2.55) |
2.01 (1.56-2.58) |
1.71 (1.23-2.35) |
1.83 (1.54-2.17) |
1.68 (1.38-2.04) |
|
< 4 Log copies/ml |
2.92 (2.54-3.36) |
3.06 (2.59-3.61) |
3.22 (2.51-4.13) |
2.61 (1.89-3.60) |
1.60 (1.36-1.89) |
1.70 (1.40-2.07) |
|
CD4 cell count |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
>350 cells/mmc |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
200 – 350 cells/mmc |
0.65 (0.58-0.74) |
0.90 (0.78-1.03) |
1.04 (0.85-1.27) |
1.07 (0.84-1.36) |
0.90 (0.78-1.04) |
0.86 (0.73-1.01) |
|
< 200 cells/mmc |
0.82 (0.72-0.93) |
0.87 (0.75-1.01) |
1.01 (0.81-1.25) |
1.36 (1.02-1.80) |
0.83 (0.72-0.96) |
0.88 (0.66-1.12) |
|
Previous virological failure(s) |
4.41 (3.84-5.07) |
2.07 (1.74-2.47) |
4.52 (3.63-5.63) |
2.95 (2.17-3.99) |
3.88 (3.17-4.75) |
1.40 (1.10-1.78) |
|
Prior ARV regimens, per 1 higher |
1.16 (1.15-1.18) |
1.11 (1.09-1.13) |
1.14 (1.11-1.17) |
1.03 (0.99-1.07) |
1.21 (1.18-1.24) |
1.13 (1.11-1.15) |
|
Prior suboptimal NRTI therapy |
3.45 (2.85-4.17) |
1.50 (1.29-1.74) |
2.52 (2.11-3.00) |
1.04 (0.80-1.35) |
3.16 (2.80-3.57) |
1.27 (1.07-1.50) |
|
Antiretrovira regimen in use |
|
|
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
NNRTI + NRTIs |
- |
- |
|
|
|
|
|
Boosted PI + NRTIs |
0.95 (0.85-1.06) |
0.65 (0.56-0.74) |
|
|
|
|
|
Unboosted PI + NRTIs |
0.84 (0.73-0.98) |
0.75 (0.63-0.90) |
|
|
|
|
|
PI + NNRTI + NRTI |
3.51 (2.66-4.65) |
1.87 (1.25-2.78) |
|
|
|
|
|
Boosted vs unboosted PI |
- |
- |
- |
- |
1.00 (0.88-1.15) |
1.06 (0.90-1.23) |
| Study period, per 1 period higher | 0.56 (0.53-0.59) | 0.58 (0.54-0.61) | 0.65 (0.59-0.71) | 0.74 (0.66-0.82) | 0.58 (0.55-0.62) | 0.58 (0.54-0.62) |
A logistic regression model was performed in subjects failing a combined antiretroviral treatment according to antiretrovirals in use at genotype.
aNucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors.
bNon nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors.
cProtease inhibitors.
dOther: professional risk, transfusions¸ vertical transmission.