Table 2.
Five-year follow-up characteristics by 25th/50th/75th/90th percentiles in men and 50th/75th/90th in women of coronary artery calcification distribution 7.2/94.9/376.0/999.2 and 1.6/68.2/291.6, respectively
| 1633 men CAC5y percentile |
1848 women CAC5y percentile |
||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0–25th | 25–50th | 50–75th | 75–90th | >90th | P for trend | 0–50th | 50–75th | 75–90th | >90th | P for trend | |
| n (%) | 406 (24.9) | 410 (25.1) | 408 (25.0) | 245 (15.0) | 164 (10.0) | n.a. | 917 (49.6) | 469 (25.4) | 277 (15.0) | 185 (10.0) | n.a. |
| Age (years) | 59.6 ± 6.4 | 63.5 ± 7.2 | 65.3 ± 7.1 | 66.3 ± 7.0 | 68.2 ± 6.8 | <0.0001 | 61.3 ± 6.8 | 65.3 ± 7.2 | 67.5 ± 7.4 | 69.8 ± 6.6 | <0.0001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.4 ± 3.6 | 28.3 ± 3.9 | 28.7 ± 3.8 | 28.6 ± 3.9 | 28.8 ± 3.3 | <0.0001 | 27.4 ± 4.9 | 28.0 ± 5.2 | 28.2 ± 5.3 | 29.5 ± 5.6 | <0.0001 |
| Obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2) | 71 (17.5) | 119 (29.1) | 126 (31.0) | 77 (31.7) | 56 (34.2) | <0.0001 | 243 (26.5) | 142 (30.4) | 94 (33.9) | 81 (44.0) | <0.0001 |
| Diabetes (%) | 48 (11.8) | 83 (20.2) | 95 (23.3) | 58 (23.7) | 62 (37.8) | <0.0001 | 80 (8.7) | 63 (13.4) | 46 (16.6) | 54 (29.2) | <0.0001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.5 ± 0.6 | 5.7 ± 0.9 | 5.8 ± 0.9 | 5.8 ± 1.0 | 6.0 ± 1.0 | <0.0001 | 5.5 ± 0.6 | 5.6 ± 0.6 | 5.8 ± 0.7 | 5.9 ± 0.8 | <0.0001 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 132.2 ± 16.7 | 138.3 ± 19.5 | 139.9 ± 19.8 | 142.4 ± 18.0 | 143.1 ± 19.7 | <0.0001 | 126.0 ± 18.0 | 133.2 ± 19.3 | 133.5 ± 21.1 | 137.3 ± 21.5 | <0.0001 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 81.0 ± 10.2 | 82.6 ± 10.8 | 81.9 ± 10.5 | 82.0 ± 10.4 | 79.9 ± 11.3 | 0.0033 | 77.0 ± 9.7 | 78.3 ± 9.5 | 77.7 ± 10.4 | 77.2 ± 10.9 | 0.16 |
| Hypertension (%) | 200 (49.4) | 295 (72.0) | 291 (71.7) | 190 (77.6) | 141 (86.0) | <0.0001 | 430 (46.9) | 302 (56.0) | 186 (67.2) | 149 (81.0) | <0.0001 |
| Antihypertensive medication (%) | 112 (27.6) | 180 (43.9) | 198 (48.5) | 136 (55.5) | 118 (72.0) | <0.0001 | 313 (34.1) | 220 (46.9) | 146 (52.7) | 129 (69.7) | <0.0001 |
| Never smoking (%) | 143 (35.2) | 134 (32.8) | 110 (27.0) | 58 (23.7) | 45 (27.4) | 0.03 | 506 (55.2) | 262 (55.2) | 166 (59.9) | 97 (52.4) | 0.58 |
| Former smoking (%) | 191 (47.0) | 202 (49.4) | 211 (51.8) | 132 (53.9) | 94 (57.3) | 0.03 | 275 (30.0) | 118 (25.2) | 66 (23.8) | 54 (29.2) | 0.58 |
| Present smoking(%) | 72 (17.7) | 73 (17.9) | 86 (21.1) | 55 (22.5) | 25 (15.2) | 0.03 | 135 (14.7) | 88 (18.8) | 45 (16.3) | 34 (18.4) | 0.58 |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 127.6 ± 32.1 | 132.9 ± 35.2 | 134.0 ± 30.7 | 135.9 ± 36.5 | 126.4 ± 32.2 | 0.0002 | 131.0 ± 33.6 | 138.6 ± 36.4 | 140.2 ± 36.8 | 130.8 ± 35.8 | 0.006 |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 54.5 ± 13.8 | 54.0 ± 12.9 | 53.0 ± 12.6 | 54.4 ± 13.7 | 53.2 ± 13.2 | 0.10 | 68.3 ± 15.5 | 66.1 ± 16.2 | 65.4 ± 16.3 | 65.3 ± 18.0 | 0.0002 |
| ApoB (mg/dL) | 110.4 ± 26.3 | 116.0 ± 28.1 | 116.8 ± 24.8 | 119.5 ± 28.9 | 112.7 ± 26.2 | 0.007 | 112.1 ± 26.9 | 117.3 ± 28.2 | 121.2 ± 27.7 | 116.4 ± 29.4 | <0.0001 |
| Lipid-lowering medication (%) | 39 (9.6) | 68 (16.6) | 80 (19.6) | 63 (25.7) | 56 (34.2) | <0.0001 | 90 (9.8) | 85 (18.1) | 68 (24.6) | 69 (37.3) | <0.0001 |
| Framingham risk score (%/10 years)a | 11.6 ± 6.4 | 15.2 ± 8.2 | 17.0 ± 8.6 | 18.9 ± 9.3 | 18.2 ± 8.1 | <0.0001 | 6.6 ± 4.1 | 8.4 ± 4.6 | 9.0 ± 5.3 | 10.8 ± 6.2 | <0.0001 |
| High-sensitive C-reactive protein (mg/L) | 2.4 ± 5.7 | 2.4 ± 4.0 | 2.6 ± 4.7 | 2.9 ± 3.9 | 2.8 ± 6.1 | 0.71 | 2.4 ± 4.0 | 2.8 ± 4.2 | 3.2 ± 5.0 | 3.2 ± 3.6 | <0.0001 |
| Serum creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 1.2 ± 0.2 | 1.2 ± 0.2 | 1.2 ± 0.2 | 0.54 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.3 | 1.0 ± 0.2 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 0.079 |
| GFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 71.1 ± 10.5 | 68.7 ± 10.7 | 69.1 ± 10.5 | 69.0 ± 10.3 | 68.1 ± 10.1 | 0.0049 | 62.9 ± 9.0 | 61.9 ± 9.5 | 61.6 ± 12.0 | 59.8 ± 12.8 | <0.0001 |
| GFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 | 50 (3.1) | 74 (18.1) | 72 (17.7) | 42 (17.2) | 33 (20.1) | 0.03 | 352 (38.7) | 186 (40.0) | 124 (45.1) | 100 (54.6) | <0.0001 |
| Homocysteine (µmol/L) | 11.2 ± 5.2 | 11.9 ± 6.0 | 12.0 ± 3.6 | 12.2 ± 4.5 | 12.1 ± 3.6 | <0.0001 | 10.1 ± 3.2 | 10.7 ± 3.8 | 11.6 ± 4.5 | 12.1 ± 4.4 | <0.0001 |
apo B, apoliporotein B; BMI, body mass index; CAC, coronary artery calcification; systolic/diastolic BP, systolic/diastolic blood pressure; HbA1c, haemoglobin A1c; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; n, number of participants; t1, data for 5-year follow-up values.
aCalculated only for subjects aged 75 or younger at follow-up.