Table 2.
Prevalence ratios (PR) for human papillomavirus (HPV) positivity and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) according to selected characteristics among 2,505 women in Bhutan, 2011-2012
| Characteristic | N women a | HPV-positive (%) | Adjusted b PR | 95% CI | Adjusted c PR | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Age-group (years) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ≤24 |
885 |
289 (32.7) |
1 |
- |
1 |
- |
| 25-34 |
852 |
223 (26.2) |
0.82 |
0.71-0.95 |
0.81 |
0.70-0.94 |
| 35-44 |
435 |
85 (19.5) |
0.61 |
0.49-0.75 |
0.57 |
0.46-0.71 |
| ≥45 |
333 |
58 (17.4) |
0.53 |
0.42-0.69 |
0.51 |
0.39-0.65 |
|
χ
2
1
for trend |
|
|
p < 0.001 |
|
p < 0.001 |
|
|
Hospital where examined |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Thimphu |
1638 |
460 (28.1) |
1 |
- |
1 |
- |
| Lungthenphu |
867 |
195 (22.5) |
0.81 |
0.70-0.94 |
0.82 |
0.71-0.95 |
|
Type of invitation |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Clinic |
1835 |
483 (26.3) |
1 |
- |
1 |
- |
| Door to door |
670 |
172 (25.7) |
1.06 |
0.91-1.24 |
1.08 |
0.92-1.26 |
|
Ethnic group |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Scharchop |
949 |
264 (27.8) |
1 |
- |
1 |
- |
| Ngalop |
586 |
180 (30.7) |
1.11 |
0.95-1.30 |
1.11 |
0.94-1.30 |
| Lhotsampa |
585 |
116 (19.8) |
0.69 |
0.57-0.83 |
0.70 |
0.57-0.85 |
| Other |
371 |
88 (23.7) |
0.90 |
0.74-1.11 |
0.89 |
0.72-1.09 |
|
Education (yrs) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Illiterate |
1209 |
292 (24.2) |
1 |
- |
1 |
- |
| 1-9 |
512 |
132 (25.8) |
1.02 |
0.85-1.21 |
1.02 |
0.85-1.21 |
| ≥10 |
750 |
221 (29.5) |
1.07 |
0.92-1.24 |
1.09 |
0.94-1.28 |
|
χ
2
1
for trend |
|
|
p = 0.415 |
|
p = 0.274 |
|
|
Marital status |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Married |
2298 |
586 (25.5) |
1 |
- |
1 |
- |
| Single |
54 |
19 (35.2) |
1.22 |
0.84-1.76 |
1.60 |
1.14-2.24 |
| Separated/widowed |
137 |
42 (30.7) |
1.34 |
1.04-1.74 |
1.31 |
1.01-1.69 |
|
Number of marriages
d
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1 |
2209 |
549 (24.9) |
1 |
- |
1 |
- |
| ≥2 |
201 |
67 (33.3) |
1.62 |
1.32-1.99 |
1.27 |
0.86-1.86 |
|
Number of pregnancies |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Nulliparous |
276 |
117 (42.4) |
1.46 |
1.23-1.74 |
1.50 |
1.26-1.78 |
| 1 |
776 |
228 (29.4) |
1 |
- |
1 |
- |
| 2 |
588 |
134 (22.8) |
0.85 |
0.70-1.03 |
0.83 |
0.68-1.01 |
| ≥3 |
839 |
163 (19.4) |
0.84 |
0.67-1.05 |
0.81 |
0.65-1.01 |
|
χ
2
1
for trende |
|
|
p = 0.159 |
|
p = 0.090 |
|
|
Age at first pregnancy
e
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| <19 |
554 |
145 (26.2) |
1 |
- |
1 |
- |
| 19-21 |
885 |
222 (25.1) |
0.93 |
0.78-1.11 |
0.98 |
0.82-1.17 |
| ≥22 |
754 |
155 (20.6) |
0.78 |
0.63-0.95 |
0.81 |
0.66-0.99 |
|
χ
2
1
for trend |
|
|
p = 0.014 |
|
p = 0.041 |
|
|
Contraceptive use |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Never |
562 |
173 (30.8) |
1 |
- |
1 |
- |
| Ever |
1860 |
458 (24.6) |
0.80 |
0.69-0.93 |
0.76 |
0.66-0.89 |
| Hormonal only |
853 |
233 (27.3) |
0.82 |
0.69-0.96 |
0.78 |
0.66-0.92 |
| Hormonal + other |
276 |
63 (22.8) |
0.79 |
0.61-1.02 |
0.74 |
0.57-0.95 |
| Other only |
777 |
174 (22.4) |
0.78 |
0.65-0.94 |
0.75 |
0.63-0.90 |
|
Lifetime sexual partners
f
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1 |
2228 |
566 (25.4) |
1 |
- |
1 |
- |
| 2 |
180 |
60 (33.3) |
1.54 |
1.24-1.92 |
1.54 |
1.24-1.92 |
| ≥3 |
26 |
10 (38.5) |
1.93 |
1.21-3.08 |
1.93 |
1.21-3.08 |
|
χ
2
1
for trend |
|
|
p < 0.001 |
|
p < 0.001 |
|
|
Husbands “extramarital” sexual relationships
d
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| No |
1966 |
481 (24.5) |
1 |
- |
1 |
- |
| Yes, before marriage only |
308 |
95 (30.8) |
1.30 |
1.08-1.55 |
1.23 |
1.02-1.48 |
| Yes, during marriage |
78 |
28 (35.9) |
1.71 |
1.27-2.31 |
1.49 |
1.09-2.05 |
| Uncertain |
76 |
22 (29.0) |
1.02 |
0.72-1.47 |
1.00 |
0.70-1.43 |
|
History of receiving cash for sex
g
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| No |
2467 |
641 (26.0) |
1 |
- |
1 |
- |
| Yes |
9 |
5 (55.6) |
2.77 |
1.55-4.95 |
- |
- |
|
Last PAP smear (yrs) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Never |
1367 |
418 (30.6) |
1 |
- |
1 |
- |
| Ever |
1114 |
229 (20.6) |
0.77 |
0.66-0.90 |
0.77 |
0.66-0.90 |
|
Evidence of genital warts at visit
h
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| No |
2473 |
640 (25.9) |
1 |
- |
1 |
- |
| Yes | 5 | 3 (60.0) | 2.17 | 1.06-4.45 | 2.23 | 1.09-4.59 |
aSome figures do not add up to the total due to missing values.
bAdjusted for age and hospital as appropriate.
cAdjusted for age, hospital and lifetime sexual partners as appropriate.
dAmong ever married women only.
eAmong parous women only.
f3 virgins excluded.
gModel does not converge for PR adjusted for lifetime sexual partners.
hPR not adjusted for age because model does not converge.