Table 1.
Reported changes in the rodent CeA in different pain situations
| Pain situationa | Changes in the CeA | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Acute somatic stimulations | Changes (mostly excitation) in electrical activity | [22, 23] |
| Visceral pain | ||
| ip acetic acid | - Increased c-fos mRNA expression | [24] |
| Esophageal acetic acid | - Increased c-Fos immunoreactivity | [25] |
| Colitis | - Increased neuronal excitability | [26, 27] |
| - Enhanced the PB-CeA, but not the BLA-CeA transmission | ||
| - Increased crf mRNA expression | ||
| Cystitis | - Increased c-Fos and Krox-24 imunoreactivities | [28, 29] |
| - Increased crf mRNA expression | ||
| Inflammatory pain | ||
| Intraplantar formalin | - Induced ERK activation in the right CeA | [30, 31] |
| Acid-induced muscle pain | - Increased ERK activation | [32] |
| - Enhanced the PB-CeA transmission | ||
| Knee joint arthritis | - Increased spontaneous activity in the right CeA | [33–36] |
| - Increased neuronal excitability in the right CeA | ||
| - Enhanced the PB-CeA and the BLA-CeA transmission | ||
| - Increased mGluR1 and mGluR5 expression | ||
| - Increased phosphorylation of NR1 subunit | ||
| Neuropathic pain | ||
| Sciatic nerve ligation or section | - Increased spontaneous and evoked activity differentially in the left and right CeA | [37–41] |
| - Enhanced the PB-CeA transmission | ||
| - Increased crf mRNA expression and CRF immunoreactivity | ||
| - Increased glucocorticoid receptor mRNA expression | ||
| - Increased cell proliferation | ||
a Pain situation: acute somatic stimulations: nociceptive mechanical pinches or thermal stimulations applied on different body parts; ip acetic acid: intraperitoneal injection of acetic acid; colitis: inflammation by intracolonic infusion TNBS (2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid) or zymosan; cystitis: urinary bladder inflammation by intraperitoneal injection of cyclophosphamide; intraplantar formalin: intraplantar injection of diluted formalin in hindpaw; Acid-induced muscle pain: intramuscular injection of acidic saline (pH4) in gastrocnemius; knee-joint arthritis: intraarticular injection of kaolin-caragenean in knee; Sciatic nerve ligation or section: loose or tight ligation of sciatic nerve or spinal roots, or sparing section of roots.