Table 1.
Characteristics of children retained at 8 years and of those lost to follow-up
|
8 year follow-up |
Lost to follow-up |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control group (n=422) | Intervention group (n=419) | Before end of trial* (n=69) | After end of trial† (n=290) | ||
| Residence | |||||
| Urban | 199 (47%) | 197 (47%) | 47 (68%) | 184 (64%) | |
| Rural | 223 (53%) | 222 (53%) | 22 (32%) | 106 (37%) | |
| District | |||||
| Dhanusha | 348 (83%) | 336 (80%) | 59 (86%) | 245 (85%) | |
| Mahotari | 74 (18%) | 79 (19%) | 10 (15%) | 43 (15%) | |
| Siraha | 0 | 2 (1%) | 0 | 1 (0%) | |
| Sarlahi | 0 | 2 (1%) | 0 | 1 (0%) | |
| Mother's age at enrolment | |||||
| <20 years | 126 (30%) | 130 (31%) | 20 (29%) | 85 (29%) | |
| 20–29 years | 273 (65%) | 272 (65%) | 44 (64%) | 196 (68%) | |
| ≥30 years | 23 (6%) | 17 (4%) | 5 (7%) | 9 (3%) | |
| Maternal education | |||||
| None | 206 (49%) | 210 (50%) | 27 (39%) | 101 (35%) | |
| Primary | 37 (9%) | 33 (8%) | 16 (23%) | 37 (13%) | |
| Secondary or higher | 179 (42%) | 176 (42%) | 26 (38%) | 152 (52%) | |
| Mean (SD) maternal height mean (cm) | 151·0 (6) | 150·4 (5) | 150·4 (5) | 151·0 (6) | |
| Ethnic origin | |||||
| Terai Brahmin or Chhetri | 62 (15%) | 65 (16%) | 13 (19%) | 62 (21%) | |
| Terai Middle Madeshi | 296 (70%) | 276 (66%) | 38 (55%) | 176 (61%) | |
| Terai Janjati or Dalit | 10 (2%) | 14 (3%) | 2 (3%) | 3 (1%) | |
| Hill Brahmin or Chhetri | 24 (6%) | 23 (6%) | 6 (9%) | 19 (7%) | |
| Terai Muslim | 23 (6%) | 29 (7%) | 8 (12%) | 17 (6%) | |
| Janjati (hill) | 7 (2%) | 11 (3%) | 2 (3%) | 12 (4%) | |
| Other | 0 (0%) | 1 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (0%) | |
| Main household livelihood | |||||
| No work | 49 (12%) | 46 (11%) | 1 (2%) | 34 (12%) | |
| Farming | 72 (17%) | 72 (16%) | 7 (10%) | 34 (12%) | |
| Salaried | 153 (36%) | 178 (43%) | 34 (49%) | 148 (51%) | |
| Small business | 82 (19%) | 76 (18%) | 19 (28%) | 46 (16%) | |
| Waged labour | 53 (13%) | 43 (10%) | 5 (7%) | 18 (6%) | |
| Student | 7 (2%) | 3 (1%) | 3 (4%) | 4 (1%) | |
| Out of country | 6 (1%) | 5 (1%) | 0 (0%) | 6 (2%) | |
| Land ownership | |||||
| 0 | 47 (11%) | 44 (11%) | 8 (12%) | 30 (10%) | |
| <30 dhur (about 500 m2) | 290 (69%) | 294 (70%) | 45 (65%) | 196 (68%) | |
| >30 dhur | 85 (21%) | 81 (19%) | 16 (23%) | 64 (22%) | |
| Appliance score | |||||
| Motor vehicle, TV, or refrigerator | 217 (51%) | 214 (51%) | 36 (53%)‡ | 146 (50%) | |
| Sewing machine, cassette player, camera, fan, bullock cart, wall clock, radio, iron, or bicycle | 147 (35%) | 138 (33%) | 21 (31%) | 95 (33%) | |
| None of the above | 58 (14%) | 67 (16%) | 11 (16%) | 49 (17%) | |
| Parity | |||||
| 0 | 185 (44%) | 182 (43%) | 33 (48%) | 140 (48%) | |
| 1-2 | 183 (43%) | 202 (48%) | 28 (41%) | 124 (43%) | |
| ≥3 | 54 (13%) | 35 (8%) | 8 (12%) | 26 (9%) | |
| Preterm (<37 weeks' gestation by ultrasound assessment) | 29 (7%) | 28 (7%) | ‡ | 41 (14%) | |
| Delivery site | |||||
| Hospital | 218 (51·7) | 252 (60·1) | ‡ | 176 (60·7) | |
| Home | 194 (46·0) | 165 (39·4) | ‡ | 100 (34·5) | |
| On the way | 10 (2·4) | 2 (0·5) | ‡ | 14 (4·8) | |
| Child sex and weight | |||||
| Girl | 210 (50%) | 196 (47%) | ‡ | 152 (54%)‡ | |
| Boy | 212 (50%) | 223 (53%) | ‡ | 132 (46%) | |
| Mean (SD) birthweight (kg) | 2·74 (0·41) | 2·81 (0·43) | ‡ | 2·75 (0·50) | |
Data are frequency (%) unless otherwise stated.
*
14 women withdrew from the trial, one dropped out with a clinical problem, 19 moved beyond study area, 28 were untraceable, and seven had miscarriages.
†
Four refused to attend, two moved beyond study area, two not assessable within follow-up, 204 untraceable, 33 stillbirths, 29 neonatal deaths, and 16 post-neonatal deaths.
‡
Incomplete data at delivery.