Table 3.
Child anthropometric indices by allocation, showing mean values, unadjusted, and adjusted differences at 8·5 years
| Control group | Intervention group | Unadjusted difference (95% CI) | Adjusted difference*(95% CI) | Adjusted difference restricted to children without major or chronic illness (95% CI) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Weight (kg) | ||||||
| Weight | 20·04 (3·31) | 20·14 (3·35) | 0·10 (−0·35 to 0·55) | 0·30 (−0·08 to 0·67) | 0·25 (−0·12 to 0·63) | |
| Lean mass | 17·34 (2·44) | 17·30 (2·49) | −0·05 (−0·43 to 0·34) | 0·10 (−0·23 to 0·43) | 0·08 (−0·25 to 0·42) | |
| Fat mass | 3·01 (1·6) | 2·94 (1·58) | −0·07 (−0·32 to 0·18) | 0·02 (−0·21 to 0·25) | 0·05 (−0·18 to 0·27) | |
| Height (cm) | ||||||
| Standing | 120·72 (5·91) | 120·73 (6·06) | 0·00 (−0·81 to 0·81) | 0·35 (−0·31 to 1·01) | 0·27 (−0·38 to 0·93) | |
| Trunk length | 64·14 (2·94) | 64·16 (2·96) | 0·02 (−0·38 to 0·42) | 0·14 (−0·20 to 0·48) | 0·07 (−0·28 to 0·41) | |
| Anthropometric scores | ||||||
| Weight-for-age | −2·08 (1·01) | −2·03 (1·06) | 0·05 (−0·09 to 0·19) | 0·09 (−0·03 to 0·22) | 0·07 (−0·06 to 0·19) | |
| Height-for-age | −1·51 (0·92) | −1·48 (0·96) | 0·02 (−0·10 to 0·15) | 0·06 (−0·05 to 0·17) | 0·05 (−0·06 to 0·16) | |
| BMI-for-age | −1·67 (0·96) | −1·63 (0·98) | 0·04 (−0·09 to 0·18) | 0·07 (−0·06 to 0·20) | 0·05 (−0·08 to 0·17) | |
| Skinfold thickness (mm) | ||||||
| Triceps | 7·39 (2·56) | 7·36 (2·41) | −0·03 (−0·37 to 0·31) | 0·07 (−0·24 to 0·38) | 0·10 (−0·20 to 0·37) | |
| Biceps | 3·95 (1·34) | 3·95 (1·40) | −0·01 (−0·19 to 0·12) | 0·06 (−0·11 to 0·23) | 0·08 (−0·10 to 0·25) | |
| Subscapular | 4·91 (1·29) | 4·93 (1·51) | 0·01 (−0·18 to 0·20) | 0·06 (−0·12 to 0·24) | 0·07 (−0·11 to 0·26) | |
| Supra–iliac | 5·76 (2·54) | 5·57 (2·35) | −0·19 (−0·52 to 0·14) | −0·11 (−0·42 to 0·21) | −0·06 (−0·36 to 0·25) | |
| Body circumference (cm) | ||||||
| Head | 49·19 (1·48) | 49·37 (1·47) | 0·18 (−0·02 to 0·38) | 0·19 (0·02 to 0·37) | 0·15 (−0·02 to 0·32) | |
| Chest | 55·59 (3·39) | 55·74 (3·64) | 0·15 (−0·33 to 0·63) | 0·28 (−0·14 to 0·71) | 0·27 (−0·16 to 0·70) | |
| Waist | 49·01 (3·76) | 49·20 (3·96) | 0·19 (−0·33 to 0·71) | 0·29 (−0·19 to 0·77) | 0·23 (−0·25 to 0·71) | |
| Hip | 57·30 (4·00) | 57·36 (4·11) | 0·07 (−0·48 to 0·61) | 0·33 (−0·14 to 0·81) | 0·26 (−0·22 to 0·73) | |
| Upper leg | 31·11 (2·91) | 31·21 (2·91) | 0·10 (−0·30 to 0·49) | 0·26 (−0·09 to 0·61) | 0·21 (−0·14 to 0·56) | |
| Mid–upper arm | 15·94 (1·40) | 15·99 (1·38) | 0·04 (−0·15 to 0·23) | 0·11 (−0·06 to 0·27) | 0·10 (−0·07 to 0·26) | |
| Renal dimension (cm) | ||||||
| Right length | 7·90 (0·55) | 7·89 (0·57) | −0·01 (−0·08 to 0·07) | 0·00 (−0·07 to 0·07) | −0·01 (−0·08 to 0·06) | |
| Right anteroposterior distance | 2·98 (0·26) | 3·00 (0·28) | 0·02 (−0·01 to 0·06) | 0·02 (−0·01 to 0·06) | 0·02 (−0·02 to 0·06) | |
| Left length | 8·25 (0·57) | 8·22 (0·58) | −0·03 (−0·11 to 0·05) | −0·03 (−0·10 to 0·05) | −0·05 (−0·12 to 0·03) | |
| Left anteroposterior distance | 3·29 (0·32) | 3·30 (0·32) | 0·02 (−0·03 to 0·06) | 0·02 (−0·03 to 0·06) | 0·01 (−0·03 to 0·06) | |
| Blood pressure (mm Hg) | ||||||
| Systolic | 98·06 (7·14) | 98·08 (8·10) | 0·02 (−1·02 to 1·05) | −0·06 (−1·10 to 0·98) | −0·20 (−1·23 to 0·83) | |
| Diastolic | 61·16 (7·36) | 61·29 (8·27) | 0·13 (−0·93 to 1·19) | 0·19 (−0·87 to 1·25) | 0·15 (−0·92 to 1·22) | |
Data are mean (SD) unless otherwise stated.
*
Multivariable regression models included variables describing air pollution, dietary diversity, food security, maternal education and height, household asset score, and residence, by use of robust standard errors. Age and sex were included if not intrinsic to Z score.