Table 1. DNA Damages and Indicative Genes/Proteins Involved in Different DNA Damage and Repair Pathways in Both Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes.

			genes indicative of specific DNA repair pathway in different species
DNA damage type	DNA repair pathway		E. coli	yeast36	human
general damage	SOS response/DNA damage signaling (DDS)		recA, lexA(34)(SOS response)	RAD9,CHK1 (DDS)	not tested
base alkylation	direct reversal repair (DRR)		ada(34)	PHR1	not tested
base oxidation	base excision repair (BER)		not available in GFP library	OGG1	OGG137
base alkylation and deamination			mutT,(34) mutY, mutM, mug, ung, xthA38	NTG1, NTG2, UNG1, MAG1, RAD27, APN1, APN2	MPG37
single strand break
cross-links	nucleotide excision repair (NER)		uvrA,(34) uvrC, mfd39	RAD1, RAD2, RAD4, RAD14,RAD16,RAD23, RAD34	XPC39
pyrimidine dimers
bulky adduct
mismatches	mismatch repair (MMR)		mutS, mutH, dam(40)	MSH1, MSH2, MSH3, MSH6, PMS1, MLH1, MLH2	MSH240
double strand break (DSB)	DSB repair	general DSB response	Not tested	XRS2, MRE11	Not tested
		homologous recombination (HR)	recA,(34) recE,38 recX,34 recN,34 ruvA,38 umuD34	RFA1, RFA2, RFA3, HTA1, HTA2, RAD51, RAD52, RAD54	Rad5141
		nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ)	not available in E. coli	LIF1, YKU70	Ku7041