. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Jun 1.

Published in final edited form as: Osteoporos Int. 2014 Aug 20;25(12):2673–2684. doi: 10.1007/s00198-014-2783-5

Table 2. Case-control studies of serum 25(OH)D status in children with fractures.

Study	Age	Inclusion criteria for children with fractures	N	Serum 25(OH)D, mean (nmol/l)			Serum 25(OH)D < 50nmol/l, %
				Cases	Controls	p	Cases	Controls	p
Ceroni, 2012 (Geneva, Switzerland)[66]	10-16y	Admission for orthopaedic reduction or surgery to first appendicular fracture. Excluded if taking vitamin D supplementation	100 cases (50 UL, 50 LL) 50 controls	UL: 32 LL: 21	33	NS	UL: 12 LL: 12	6	NS
Chan, 1984^a (Salt Lake City, USA)[64]	2-12y	Hospitalisation with fracture	17 cases 17 controls	70	77	0.45
Farr, 2014^a (Olmsted County, MN, USA) [65]	8-15y	Mild or moderate impact fracture of the distal radius (with or without ulna fracture) within the preceding year	Males: 63 cases 58 controls Females: 52 cases 50 contols	72 68	69 73	0.4 0.25
Mäyränpää, 2012 (Helsinki, Finland)[67]	4-16y	2 low energy fractures≤10y OR 3 low energy fractures≤16y OR one low energy vertebral fracture	64 cases 69 controls	42	43	0.64	73	69	0.63
Olney, 2008^a (Florida, USA) [68]	3-18y	At least 2 low energy fractures	68 cases 57 controls				21	18	NS
Ryan, 2012^a (Washington DC, USA) [41]	5-9y	African-American with forearm fracture	70 cases 71 controls	55	56	0.59	47	41	0.45

NS, non-significant; UL, upper limb; LL, lower limb

^(a)

In these studies, 25(OH)D was originally reported in ng/ml. It has been converted to nmol/l using a conversion factor of 1ng/ml=2.49nmol/l. These studies used a cut-point for deficiency of <20ng/ml which is approximately equivalent to <50nmol/l