Table 1.
Epitope of AAb |
Physiological effect on pathology |
Reproduction of disease by passive transfer |
Induction of disease by immunization of epitope |
Association with phenotype or outcomes in human |
Improvement of pathology after removal |
Comments |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Myosin | +[12] | ±[10,11]* | +[8] | +[13,15] | ? | *Transfer of AAbs causes myocarditis only in certain strains of mice [10,11] |
β1AR | +++[4,20–27,29] −[32,33]* |
+[5] | +[4] | ++[28,83]† [30]‡ |
±[57] +[31,55] |
*AAbs from some patients are functionally inactive [32,33]. †Associated with ventricular arrhythmia, sudden death [83] and cardiovascular death[28]. ‡Associated with more favorable response to β-blocker[30] |
M2R | ++[35,37–39] | *(See comments) | +[6,7] | +[38,41]† | ? | *Reproduced by adoptive transfer into Rag2 knockout mice of splenocytes from M2R knockout mice immunized with M2R protein. †Association with Af comorbid with DCM and recurrent after ablation[38,41] |
Troponin I | +[9] | +[9] | +[42] | −?[46] +[44]* |
−?[58] | *Associated with higher LVEF and more favorable outcomes in DCM[44] |
Na-K-ATPase | +[84] | ? | +[85] | +[84]* | ? | *Associated with ventricular arrhythmia and sudden death [84] |
“Cardio-depressant AAb” | +[59,60,61] | ? | ? | ? | +[60,62] | Epitope unknown |
AAb, autoantibody; DCM, dilated cardiomyopathy; β1AR, β1-adrenergic receptor; M2R, muscarinic M2 acetylcholine receptor; Af, atrial fibrillation; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction.