Exhibit A1. Regression Analyses of Medicare Episode Payments and Beneficiary Episode Liabilities: Incremental Cost of Hospital-Acquired Pressure Ulcers.
| Regression Variables | Coefficients for regression on Ln (Part A and Part B Medicare episode payments)1 | Standard errors for regression on Ln (Part A and Part B Medicare episode payments) |
|---|---|---|
| Pressure ulcer2 | 0.284*** | (0.031) |
| Age greater than 70^ | −0.153*** | (0.029) |
| Anemia | −0.133*** | (0.039) |
| Anesthesia3 | 0.362*** | (0.035) |
| Dementia | −0.336*** | (0.128) |
| Diabetes | −0.176*** | (0.032) |
| Renal failure | −0.001 | (0.029) |
| Fever | −0.175* | (0.104) |
| Congestive heart failure | −0.034 | (0.032) |
| Hypotension | −0.087 | (0.077) |
| Intensive care or coronary care stay | 0.251*** | (0.037) |
| Incontinence (urinary or fecal) | −0.552*** | (0.121) |
| Malignancy | −0.132*** | (0.042) |
| Nutritional deficiency | 0.006 | (0.046) |
| Pneumonia | 0.311*** | (0.071) |
| Sepsis | 0.083** | (0.040) |
| Stage 1 or 2 pressure ulcer | −0.476*** | (0.140) |
| Stroke | 0.124 | (0.090) |
| Provider fixed effects | Yes | n/a |
| Robust Standard Errors | Yes | n/a |
| Constant | 9.456*** | (0.047) |
| Observations | 11,318 | — |
| R-squared | 0.436 | — |
NOTES:
*
statistically significant difference with p<0.10,
**
p<0.05,
***
p<0.01
^
Indicates variables that were also used in the matching algorithm
1
The dependent variable is the natural log of Medicare payments measured in dollars.
2
Pressure ulcer is the hospital acquired condition of interest.
3
Beneficiaries are considered to have received anesthesia if the anesthesia charge amount is greater than zero.
SOURCE: RTI analysis of FY 2009 and FY 2010 Medicare episodes of care data.