Table 3.
Multivariate analysis of determinants of nutritional status of children in Ghana, aged 6–36 months
| Variables | Model (A) |
Model (B) |
Model (C) |
Model (D) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coefficients | t-Statistics | Coefficients | t-Statistics | Coefficients | t-Statistics | Coefficients | t-Statistics | |
| Maternal and child's basic factors | ||||||||
| Child's sex | ||||||||
| Male (ref) | ||||||||
| Female | −0.12 (0.10)* | −1.18 | −0.12 (0.10) | −1.13 | −0.08 (0.10) | −0.77 | −0.15 (0.11) | −1.38 |
| Child's age | −0.24 (0.04) | −6.70† | −0.24 (0.04) | −6.48† | −0.21 (0.04) | −5.66† | −0.25 (0.04) | −6.49† |
| Child's age square | 0.005 (0.001) | 5.67† | 0.005 (0.001) | 5.47† | 0.004 (0.001) | 4.66† | 0.005 (0.001) | 5.02† |
| Maternal age | 0.02 (0.01) | 2.88† | 0.02 (0.01) | 2.93† | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.95 | 0.02 (0.01) | 1.52 |
| Number of children U5 | −0.13 (0.06) | 2.37† | −0.10 (0.06) | 1.79 | −0.11 (0.06) | −1.89 | −0.17 (0.08) | −2.13† |
| Contextual factors | ||||||||
| Place of residence | ||||||||
| Urban (ref) | ||||||||
| Rural | 0.30 (0.12) | 2.34† | −0.09 (0.16) | −0.54 | −0.08 (0.16) | −0.49 | ||
| Religion | ||||||||
| Christian (ref) | ||||||||
| Other religions | 0.21 (0.11) | 1.85 | 0.17 (0.12) | 1.36 | 0.10 (0.13) | 0.81 | ||
| Resources | ||||||||
| Maternal resources | ||||||||
| Height | 1.84 (0.95) | 1.94 | 1.39 (0.99) | 1.40 | ||||
| Weight | 0.02 (0.01) | 2.34† | 0.01 (0.01) | 1.75 | ||||
| Anaemia level | ||||||||
| No anaemia (ref) | ||||||||
| Some anaemia | −0.02 (−0.11) | −0.22 | −0.09 (0.12) | −0.73 | ||||
| Parity | 0.01 (0.04) | 0.30 | 0.01 (0.05) | 0.21 | ||||
| Education and occupation | ||||||||
| Secondary+ (ref) | ||||||||
| Education (if primary; 0.1) | 0.14 (0.14) | 1.04 | 0.01 (0.15) | 0.07 | ||||
| Education (if no education; 0.1) | −0.04 (0.16) | −0.25 | −0.08 (0.17) | −0.45 | ||||
| White collar (ref) | ||||||||
| Agricultural/labour | −0.06 (0.12) | −0.49 | −0.11 (0.14) | −0.83 | ||||
| Empowerment | ||||||||
| Participation in decision-making | ||||||||
| High participation (ref) | ||||||||
| Low participation | 0.14 (0.11) | 1.27 | 0.06 (0.12) | 0.54 | ||||
| Husband justified in beating wife | ||||||||
| Greater sense of empowerment (ref) | ||||||||
| Less sense of empowerment | −0.002 (0.12) | −0.02 | 0.08 (0.12) | 0.66 | ||||
| Wife justified in refusing sex | ||||||||
| More empowered (ref) | ||||||||
| Less empowered | 0.11 (0.16) | 0.72 | 0.10 (0.16) | 0.62 | ||||
| Household resources | ||||||||
| Wealth index | ||||||||
| Wealth index (if richest; 0.0; ref) | ||||||||
| Wealth index (if richer; 0.1) | 0.43 (0.22) | 1.93 | 0.35 (0.23) | 1.51 | ||||
| Wealth index (if middle; 0.1) | 0.59 (0.24) | 2.45† | 0.53 (0.25) | 2.08† | ||||
| Wealth index (if poor; 0.1) | 0.79 (0.28) | 2.86† | 0.68 (0.26) | 2.57† | ||||
| Wealth index (if poorest; 0.1) | 0.67 (0.29) | 2.91† | 0.60 (0.29) | 2.08† | ||||
| Water and sanitation | ||||||||
| Source of drinking water | ||||||||
| Improved (ref) | ||||||||
| Unimproved | 0.06 (0.13) | 0.46 | 0.13 (0.13) | 0.98 | ||||
| Type of toilet facilities | ||||||||
| Improved (ref) | ||||||||
| Unimproved | −0.03 (0.12) | −0.22 | 0.01 (0.11) | 0.12 | ||||
| Disposal of the youngest child's stool | ||||||||
| Good disposal practice (ref) | ||||||||
| Bad disposal practice | −0.06 (0.12) | −0.54 | 0.09 (0.12) | 0.71 | ||||
| Childcare practices | ||||||||
| Care practices score | 0.17 (0.08) | 2.25† | ||||||
| R2 | 0.09 | 0.10 | 0.14 | 0.17 | ||||
| F | 19.58 | 14.86 | 6.46 | 6.56 | ||||
| N | 1187 | 1187 | 1187 | 1187 | ||||
*SEs (in parentheses).
†Statistically significant at p<0.05. The coefficients are standardised.
U5, under 5 years.