Abstract
Introduction
Central nervous system (CNS) penetration-effectiveness (CPE) rank was proposed in 2008 as an estimate of penetration of ARV regimen into the CNS, and validated as predictor of CSF HIV-1 replication. Results on predictive role of CPE on neurocognitive and clinical outcome were conflicting.
Materials and Methods
Retrospective, cross-sectional analysis of neurocognitive profile in HIV-infected cART-treated patients. All patients underwent neuropsychological (NP) assessment by standardized battery of 14 tests on 5 different domains. People were classified as having NCI if they scored >1 standard deviation (SD) below the normal mean in at least two tests, or >2 SD below in one test. Linear and logistic regression analyses were fitted using as outcome Npz8 and impaired/not impaired respectively.
Results
A total of 660 HIV-infected cART-treated individuals from 2009 to 2014, contributing a total of 1003 tests (mean age 49 (IQR 43–56), male 82%; median current CD4 586/mm3; 18% HCV infected; HIV-RNA <40 cp/mL in 84%). Current ARV regimen was 2NRTIs+1NNRTI 50.3%, 2NRTI+1PI/r in 32.6%, NRTI sparing in 11.1%. Mean CPE of current regimens was 6.6 (95% CI 6.5–6.7). As per test multivariable analysis, higher CPE values were associated to poor NP tasks (Beta=−0,09; 95% CI −0,14 −0,03; p=0.002 at multivariable linear regression). The association between higher CPE and increased NCI risk was confirmed at multivariable logistic regression, with a 1.24-fold risk of NCI occurrence for each point increase of CPE of current regimen at the time of NP testing (see Table 1). In a sensitivity analysis performed only on patients at the first NP test, the association between higher CPE and poor NP tasks and enhanced NCI risk was only marginally confirmed (Beta=−0,05; [−0,12–0,02]; p=0,19; OR 1,13 [0,95–1,34]; p=0.17). Older age, longer time from HIV diagnosis, current CD4 count <350 cell/mm3 and lower education level were all associated to an increased risk of NCI.
Conclusions
In our analysis, higher CPE rank is associated to poorly performing at NP tasking. Even if selection bias could not be excluded due to retrospective cross-sectional design, these results fitted with the direct correlation between high CPE and HIV dementia recently recorded in a large observational database. We think that CPE use to guide ART in patients neurocognitively impaired should be revised.
Table 1.
Multivariable analysis of predictors of neurocognitive impairment by logistic regression model
| Multivariable logistic regression | OR | 95% | CI | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (per 10 years incr.) | 1.04 | 1.02 | 1.05 | 0.000 |
| Mode of HIV transmission | ||||
| Heterosexual | 1.00 | |||
| Homosexual | 1.14 | 0.81 | 1.59 | 0.459 |
| IVDU | 0.94 | 0.51 | 1.74 | 0.855 |
| Other/unknown | 0.93 | 0.44 | 1.95 | 0.841 |
| Previous aids event | 1.72 | 0.77 | 3.84 | 0.186 |
| Years from HIV test (per one year incr.) | 1.04 | 1.02 | 1.07 | 0.000 |
| HIV-RNA <40 cp/mL at NPA | 0.70 | 0.45 | 1.07 | 0.102 |
| CD4 at NPA, cell/mmc | ||||
| > 500 | 1.00 | |||
| 350–500 | 2.20 | 1.42 | 3.42 | 0.000 |
| < 350 | 1.57 | 1.07 | 2.30 | 0.021 |
| Education (per one year more) | 0.83 | 0.80 | 0.87 | 0.000 |
| HCV co-infection | ||||
| Negative | 1.00 | |||
| Positive | 1.29 | 0.82 | 2.03 | 0.269 |
| Unknown | 1.48 | 0.76 | 2.88 | 0.254 |
| Type of current regimen | ||||
| NRTI + NNRTI | 1.00 | |||
| NRTI + PIB | 1.30 | 0.92 | 1.85 | 0.135 |
| NRTI + II | 1.70 | 0.53 | 5.41 | 0.369 |
| NTRI sparing | 1.09 | 0.56 | 2.15 | 0.792 |
| Other | 0.81 | 0.38 | 1.76 | 0.599 |
| CPE 2010 | 1.23 | 1.07 | 1.41 | 0.003 |