Table 5.
Other implications of expressing
| Author, year, country | Design | Location, participants, year of study and recruitment | Study aims and outcome measures | Results | Strengths/ Limitations |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Clemons & Amir 2010 Australia [5] |
Cross sectional |
State-wide study, Victoria |
- Prevalence of breast milk expression |
- 17% (126/737) experienced nipple pain associated with pump use |
Large study |
| n = 903 |
- Demographic characteristics of women who express, why and how they do it |
Possible selection bias (members of ABA) |
|||
| 2008 |
- Women’s experience of using breast pumps |
Timing of questionnaire, possible recall bias |
|||
| Online questionnaire sent to Australian Breastfeeding Association (ABA) members who had an email address |
|
||||
| Baby any age |
|
|
|
||
|
Li et al. 2010 USA [49] |
Longitudinal cohort |
National study |
- Test infant ability to self-regulate intake – compare active sucking (breastfeeding) with passive feeding (EBM via bottle) |
- Infants bottle fed early more likely to empty bottle/cup in late infancy |
Large national longitudinal study Minimal reporting bias for exposure and outcome – 7 day retrospective recall |
| n = 1597 |
- Complete empting of bottle or cup in late infancy used to indicate self-regulation |
- bottle a totally different feeding mode |
Multivariate analysis |
||
| 2005–2007 |
|
|
Maternal report of feeding behaviour/bottle emptying - reporting error possible |
||
| from IFPS II |
|
|
|
||
|
Li et al. 2012[50] |
Longitudinal cohort |
USA |
- Multi level analysis to estimate weight gain X type of milk & feeding mode at 3,5, 7.and 12 |
- Among infants fed only breast milk, Breast milk fed infants gained 780g per month in the first year compared with breastfed infants who gained 729g |
Large national longitudinal study Minimal reporting bias for exposure and outcome – 7 day retrospective recall |
| n = 1899 |
|
- Possible association between bottle feeding EBM and increased weight gain |
|
||
| IFPS II |
|
|
|
||
| 2005-2007 |
|
|
|
||
|
Geraghty et al. 2012 USA [28] |
Retrospective cohort |
Cincinnati, Ohio |
- Examination of methods of maternal expression and infant consumption of breast milk |
- All expressed, all babies fed some expressed milk |
Limited other exploration of this area |
| n = 40 |
|
95% (38/40) infants breastfed and EBM |
Small size |
||
| 2008 |
|
37% (15/40) fed EBM same day |
Retrospective data collection |
||
| Outpatients attending breastfeeding clinic, recruited by mail |
|
30% (12/40) fed EBM same week |
Possible recall bias |
||
| |
|
25% (8/40) fed EBM 1 and 4 weeks later |
|
||
| 13% (5/40) fed EBM more than 4 weeks later |