Table 1.
Anthropometric and biochemical characteristics of the study participants.a
| Baseline |
Follow-up |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lean (n = 56) | Obese (n = 75) | p0a | Lean (n = 40) | Intermediate (n = 34) | Obese (n = 57) | p1a | |
| Age (y) | 10.5 ± 0.6*** | 10.4 ± 0.6††† | 0.161 | 12.5 ± 0.7 | 12.2 ± 0.6 | 12.3 ± 0.7 | 0.274 |
| Height (cm) | 142.7 ± 5.3*** | 144.6 ± 6.6††† | 0.073 | 156.9 ± 7.3 | 156.5 ± 7.9 | 157.0 ± 8.1 | 0.923 |
| Body weight (kg) | 37.1 ± 3.5*** | 50.0 ± 8.3††† | <0.0001 | 46.5 ± 5.1 | 53.3 ± 6.8 | 65.1 ± 12.1 | <0.0001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 18.2 ± 0.5*** | 23.8 ± 2.3††† | <0.0001 | 18.8 ± 0.8 | 21.7 ± 1.0 | 26.2 ± 3.0 | <0.0001 |
| BMI z-score | −0.02 ± 0.14*** | 1.49 ± 0.40††† | <0.0001 | −0.21 ± 0.26 | 0.68 ± 0.24 | 1.60 ± 0.46 | <0.0001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 62.4 ± 3.7*** | 77.6 ± 6.2††† | <0.0001 | 66.4 ± 5.1 | 74.9 ± 5.8 | 85.5 ± 8.1 | <0.0001 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 108.0 ± 8.6 | 111.5 ± 13.1 | 0.064 | 107.8 ± 10.5 | 109.7 ± 11.7 | 115.1 ± 10.4 | 0.001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 71.1 ± 7.5 | 71.2 ± 8.8 | 0.930 | 68.2 ± 10.3 | 69.1 ± 9.0 | 70.9 ± 8.3 | 0.152 |
| AST (U/L) | 23.3 ± 2.8** | 26.3 ± 9.1 | 0.008 | 21.7 ± 3.1 | 23.0 ± 4.0 | 28.3 ± 14.8 | 0.001 |
| ALT (U/L)b | 13.8 ± 3.9* | 26.7 ± 23.2 | <0.0001 | 12.1 ± 3.6 | 16.0 ± 8.6 | 34.5 ± 37.1 | <0.0001 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 167.1 ± 24.5 | 173.8 ± 27.9 | 0.159 | 161.0 ± 18.6 | 161.4 ± 33.4 | 173.3 ± 31.2 | 0.030 |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 60.1 ± 12.0 | 52.0 ± 10.8 | <0.0001 | 61.0 ± 10.9 | 55.9 ± 12.3 | 49.4 ± 9.4 | <0.0001 |
| TG (mg/dL)ab | 61.5 ± 34.1 | 104.5 ± 63.8 | <0.0001 | 57.1 ± 28.0 | 89.8 ± 41.5 | 117.4 ± 60.5 | <0.0001 |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 86.3 ± 6.4** | 85.8 ± 8.0†† | 0.714 | 90.8 ± 8.0 | 90.8 ± 6.4 | 90.7 ± 9.1 | 0.951 |
| Insulin (μIU/mL)ab | 6.1 ± 4.2*** | 12.0 ± 11.0††† | <0.0001 | 8.8 ± 3.5 | 11.9 ± 8.2 | 21.6 ± 19.9 | <0.0001 |
| HOMA-IRab | 1.3 ± 0.9*** | 2.5 ± 2.4††† | <0.0001 | 2.0 ± 0.8 | 2.72 ± 2.1 | 5.0 ± 4.9 | <0.0001 |
| Metabolic risk score | −1.59 ± 1.25*** | 1.19 ± 2.23††† | <0.0001 | −1.87 ± 1.37 | −0.58 ± 1.57 | 1.64 ± 2.51 | <0.0001 |
| MetS (%) | — | 17.3 | — | — | 2.9 | 22.8 | — |
All values are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD).
* Baseline vs. follow-up in control; *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.
† Baseline vs. follow-up in obese; †p < 0.05; ††p < 0.01; †††p < 0.001.
ALT = alanine aminotransferase; AST = aspartate aminotransferase; BMI = body mass index; DBP = diastolic blood pressure; HDL-C = high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; HOMA-IR = homeostasis model of assessment of insulin resistance; IU = international unit; SBP = systolic blood pressure; TG = triglyceride; U = unit.
Tested by unpaired Student t test (p0, *, †) or one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA; p1 = p value for linear trends).
Data are log transformed prior to analysis.