Table 3.
Multivariate logistic regression of the association between perceived social support and social networks with poor self-rated health in women, controlling for covariates
| |
Model 1 |
Model 2 |
Model 3 |
Model 4 |
Model 5 |
Model 6 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR 95% CI | OR 95% CI | OR 95% CI | OR 95% CI | OR 95% CI | OR 95% CI | |
|
1st Block - Social support and social network
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Perceived social support |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| People to count on |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yes |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
| No |
1.85 (1.46 – 2.33)* |
1.74 (1.38 – 2.19)† |
1.68 (1.20 - 2.34)† |
1.65 (1.19 - 2.30)† |
1.69 (1.23 - 2.34)† |
1.64 (1.16 - 2.34)* |
|
Social networks |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Participation in group activities |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yes |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
| No |
1.10 (0.89 – 1.37) |
1.15 (0.94 – 1.41) |
1.17 (0.89 – 1.55) |
1.13 (0.86 – 1.48) |
1.10 (0.83 – 1.45) |
1.04 (0.77 – 1.39) |
| Received visits/have visited someone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1 to 3 times a week/almost every day |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
| Once every 15 days |
1.18 (0.84 – 1.66) |
1.27 (0.96 – 1.68) |
1.21 (0.84 – 1.73) |
1.23 (0.86 – 1.76) |
1.28 (0.87 – 1.87) |
1.22 (0.82 – 1.82) |
| Once a month |
1.15 (0.76 – 1.73) |
1.21 (0.93 – 1.58) |
0.98 (0.69 – 1.39) |
0.98 (0.68 – 1.43) |
0.95 (0.65 – 1.41) |
1.01 (0.68 – 1.50) |
| None in the last 30 days |
1.40 (1.01 – 1.94)* |
1.46 (1.06 – 2.02)* |
1.35 (0.86 – 2.12) |
1.33 (0.84 – 2.11) |
1.24 (0.76 – 2.02) |
1.38 (0.83 – 2.29) |
|
2nd Block - Demographic
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Age group (years) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 60 - 69 |
|
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
| 70 - 79 |
|
0.93 (0.78 – 1.11) |
0.87 (0.67 – 1.14) |
0.86 (0.66 – 1.13) |
0.92 (0.69 – 1.22) |
0.73 (0.54 – 0.99)* |
| ≥ 80 |
|
1.08 (0.81 – 1.44) |
0.99 (0.66 – 1.47) |
0.95 (0.64 – 1.42) |
0.89 (0.57 – 1.38) |
0.82 (0.54 – 1.24) |
|
3rd Block - Socioeconomic characteristics
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Years of schooling |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 9 years or more |
|
|
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
| 5-8 years |
|
|
0.93 (0.64 – 1.36) |
0.90 (0.61 – 1.31) |
0.85 (0.56 – 1.28) |
0.80 (0.53 – 1.20) |
| 1-4 years |
|
|
1.11 (0.78 – 1.57) |
1.08 (0.76 – 1.53) |
1.08 (0.74 – 1.58) |
0.90 (0.61 – 1.33) |
| No formal education |
|
|
0.70 (0.39 – 1.28) |
0.65 (0.35 – 1.20) |
0.57 (0.31 – 1.05) |
0.52 (0.23 – 1.17) |
| Income level† |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 3.1 and over 1 |
|
|
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
| 1.0-3.0 |
|
|
1.92 (1.31 – 2.81)† |
1.89 (1.29 – 2.78)† |
1.91 (1.22 – 2.99)† |
2.06 (1.32 – 3.19)* |
| Up to 1.0 |
|
|
2.20 (1.49 – 3.26)† |
2.09 (1.43 – 3.07)† |
2.07 (1.35 – 3.17)† |
2.32 (1.45 – 3.73)* |
| Employment status (working) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yes |
|
|
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
| No |
|
|
2.00 (1.45 - 2.76)† |
2.03 (1.46 - 2.83)† |
2.02 (1.41 – 2.87)† |
1.77 (1.21 - 2.59)* |
|
4th Block - Health-related behaviours
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Regular physical activities‡ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yes |
|
|
|
1 |
1 |
1 |
| No |
|
|
|
1.41 (1.06 - 1.87)* |
1.37 (1.01 - 1.85)* |
1.21 (0.90 - 1.65) |
|
5th Block - Use of health services
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Health insurance |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yes |
|
|
|
|
1 |
|
| No |
|
|
|
|
1.25 (0.84 – 1.87) |
|
| Use of health services |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Private |
|
|
|
|
1 |
|
| Public |
|
|
|
|
0.89 (0.59 – 1.36) |
|
|
6th Block - Functional status and somatic health problems
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Functional status measures§ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Independent (ADL/IADL = 0) |
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Partially dependent (ADL = 0/IADL ≥ 1) |
|
|
|
|
|
1.83 (1.28 – 2.62)* |
| Dependent (ADL ≥ 1) |
|
|
|
|
|
2.62 (1.49 – 4.62)* |
|
Somatic health problems
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Number of somatic health problems |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 0 |
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
| 1 |
|
|
|
|
|
1.76 (0.55 – 5.62) |
| 2 - 4 |
|
|
|
|
|
2.75 (0.93 – 8.08) |
| ≥ 5 |
|
|
|
|
|
4.00 (1.13 – 14.11)* |
| Joint diseases |
|
|
|
|
|
1.28 (0.96 – 1.70) |
| Depression |
|
|
|
|
|
1.79 (1.29 - 2.46)* |
| Hypertension |
|
|
|
|
|
1.39 (0.99 – 1.95) |
| Diabetes | 1.13 (0.77 – 1.66) |
† Income Level is presented in Minimum Wage Salaries.
‡ Regular physical activities: 5 or more times per week for at least 30 minutes.
§ADL: Basic Activities of Daily Living; IADL: Instrumental Activities of Daily Living.
* p < 0.05; † p < 0.001.