TABLE 1.
Sample characteristics (N = 57)
| Variable | Mean or % | SD |
|---|---|---|
| Maternal demographic | ||
| Mother’s age | 27.47 | 5.34 |
| Years of education | 8.79 | 2.78 |
| Works outside home | 26% | |
| Not living with spouse/partner | 9% | |
| Acculturation | ||
| Years in United States | 5.93 | 3.86 |
| No English skills (SASH = 4 of 20) | 67% | |
| Low acculturation to Anglo- American norms (PAS = 10 of 30) | 37% | |
| Maternal burden | ||
| ≥2 children under age 6 | 60% | |
| Child health/learning problem | 32% | |
| Financial stress | 39% | |
| Family conflict | ||
| Family conflict | 8.09 | 3.23 |
| High family conflict (≥10) | 21% | |
| Self-reported health (1 = poor … 5 = excellent) | 2.77 | 1.07 |
| General self-efficacy | 59.25 | 12.59 |
| Mental health | ||
| CES-D score | 16.60 | 14.73 |
| CES-D score >16 | 46% | |
| Maternal parenting behavior | ||
| Modified parental distress score (PSI) | 14.67 | 5.14 |
| Parent–child dysfunctional interaction (PSI) | 21.86 | 7.22 |
| Modified total stress score (PSI) | 36.53 | 10.64 |
| HOME (verbal and emotional) | 9.53 | 1.95 |
| HOME (avoidances of restrictions and punishment) | 5.98 | 1.23 |
| HOME (organization of environment) | 4.98 | 0.86 |
| HOME (play materials) | 6.96 | 1.75 |
| HOME (maternal involvement) | 4.61 | 2.02 |
| HOME (variety) | 3.35 | 1.41 |
| Total HOME score | 35.42 | 5.98 |