Table 7.
Summary of all tests evaluated
| Criteria | Evaluated test | Reference standard | TP | FP | FN | TN | Sensitivity | Specificity | PPV | NPV | LR+ | LR- | Prevalence | Post-test + prevalence | Post-test - prevalence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Symptoms | |||||||||||||||
| Kim et al. [24] |
NCCP with atypical GERD symptoms |
Endoscopy (LA classification) and/or 24 h pH-metry (>4%, pH <4 |
3 |
20 |
5 |
6 |
0.38 |
0.23 |
0.13 |
0.55 |
0.49 |
2.71 |
24 |
13 |
45 |
| Kim et al. [24] |
NCCP with typical GERD symptoms |
Endoscopy (LA classification) and/or 24 h pH-metry (>4%, pH <4 |
11 |
2 |
5 |
6 |
0.69 |
0.75 |
0.85 |
0.55 |
2.75 |
0.42 |
67 |
85 |
45 |
| Mousavi et al. [27] |
NCCP with typical GERD symptoms |
GERD if two tests positive: endoscopy (Hentzel-Dent), Bernstein test, omeprazole trial |
11 |
5 |
24 |
38 |
0.31 |
0.88 |
0.69 |
0.61 |
2.70 |
0.78 |
45 |
69 |
39 |
| Mousavi et al. [27] |
NCCP relieved by antacid |
GERD if two tests positive: endoscopy (Hentzel-Dent), Bernstein test, omeprazole trial |
15 |
36 |
20 |
7 |
0.43 |
0.16 |
0.68 |
0.64 |
0.51 |
3.51 |
45 |
29 |
74 |
| Mousavi et al. [27] |
NCCP and heartburn in history |
GERD if two tests positive: endoscopy (Hentzel-Dent), Bernstein test, omeprazole trial |
14 |
8 |
21 |
35 |
0.40 |
0.81 |
0.64 |
0.63 |
2.15 |
0.74 |
45 |
64 |
38 |
| Mousavi et al. [27] |
NCCP and regurgitation in history |
GERD if two tests positive: endoscopy (Hentzel-Dent), Bernstein test, omeprazole trial |
17 |
7 |
18 |
36 |
0.49 |
0.84 |
0.71 |
0.67 |
2.98 |
0.61 |
45 |
71 |
33 |
| Hong et al. [25] |
NCCP |
Manometry (Specler 2001 criteria) and/or 24 h pH-metry (>4% pH <4) |
72 |
114 |
128 |
148 |
0.36 |
0.56 |
0.39 |
0.54 |
0.83 |
1.13 |
43 |
39 |
46 |
| Hong et al. [25] |
Control: dysphagia |
Manometry (Specler 2001 criteria) and/or 24 h pH-metry (>4% pH <4) |
27 |
26 |
181 |
228 |
0.13 |
0.90 |
0.51 |
0.56 |
1.27 |
0.97 |
45 |
51 |
44 |
| Hong et al. [25] |
Control: GERD-typical symptoms |
Manometry (Specler 2001 criteria) and/or 24 h pH-metry (>4% pH <4) |
53 |
53 |
151 |
205 |
0.26 |
0.79 |
0.50 |
0.58 |
1.26 |
0.93 |
44 |
50 |
42 |
| Hong et al. [25] |
Dysphagia |
Manometry |
16 |
37 |
84 |
325 |
0.16 |
0.90 |
0.30 |
0.80 |
1.57 |
0.94 |
22 |
30 |
21 |
| Hong et al. [25] |
Dysphagia |
24 h pH-metry |
4 |
49 |
63 |
346 |
0.06 |
0.88 |
0.08 |
0.85 |
0.48 |
1.07 |
15 |
8 |
15 |
| Hong et al. [25] |
Dysphagia |
Manometry and 24 h pH-metry |
7 |
46 |
23 |
386 |
0.23 |
0.89 |
0.13 |
0.94 |
2.19 |
0.86 |
7 |
13 |
6 |
| Hong et al. [25] |
NCCP |
Manometry |
34 |
152 |
63 |
213 |
0.35 |
0.58 |
0.18 |
0.77 |
0.84 |
1.11 |
21 |
18 |
23 |
| Hong et al. [25] |
NCCP |
24 h pH-metry |
29 |
157 |
43 |
233 |
0.40 |
0.60 |
0.16 |
0.60 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
16 |
16 |
16 |
| Hong et al. [25] |
NCCP |
Manometry and 24 h pH-metry |
9 |
177 |
22 |
254 |
0.29 |
0.59 |
0.05 |
0.92 |
0.71 |
1.20 |
7 |
5 |
8 |
| Hong et al. [25] |
GERD-typical symptoms |
Manometry |
19 |
87 |
81 |
275 |
0.19 |
0.76 |
0.18 |
0.77 |
0.79 |
1.07 |
22 |
18 |
23 |
| Hong et al. [25] |
GERD-typical symptoms |
24 h pH-metry |
23 |
83 |
49 |
307 |
0.32 |
0.79 |
0.22 |
0.86 |
1.50 |
0.86 |
16 |
22 |
14 |
| Hong et al. [25] |
GERD-typical symptoms |
Manometry and 24 h pH-metry |
11 |
95 |
20 |
336 |
0.35 |
0.78 |
0.10 |
0.94 |
1.61 |
0.83 |
7 |
10 |
6 |
| Netzer et al. [26] |
NCCP |
Manometry and/or 24 h pH-metry (>10.5% pH <4) |
31 |
14 |
223 |
35 |
0.12 |
0.71 |
0.69 |
0.14 |
0.43 |
1.23 |
84 |
69 |
86 |
| Netzer et al. [26] |
Control: GERD-typical symptoms |
Manometry and/or 24 h pH-metry (>10.5% pH <4) |
127 |
16 |
127 |
33 |
0.50 |
0.67 |
0.89 |
0.21 |
1.53 |
0.74 |
84 |
89 |
79 |
| Netzer et al. [26] |
Control: dysphagia |
Manometry and/or 24 h pH-metry (>10.5% pH <4) |
48 |
8 |
206 |
41 |
0.19 |
0.84 |
0.86 |
0.17 |
1.16 |
0.97 |
84 |
86 |
83 |
| Netzer et al. [26] |
GERD-typical symptoms |
24 h pH-metry |
115 |
28 |
49 |
111 |
0.70 |
0.80 |
0.80 |
0.69 |
3.48 |
0.37 |
54 |
80 |
31 |
| Netzer et al. [26] |
Dysphagia |
24 h pH-metry |
6 |
50 |
158 |
89 |
0.04 |
0.64 |
0.11 |
0.36 |
0.10 |
1.50 |
54 |
11 |
64 |
| Netzer et al. [26] |
NCCP |
24 h pH-metry |
24 |
21 |
140 |
118 |
0.15 |
0.85 |
0.53 |
0.46 |
0.97 |
1.01 |
54 |
53 |
54 |
| PPI trial | |||||||||||||||
| Dickman et al. [31] |
Rabeprazole 20 mg twice a day for 1 week SIS ≥50% |
Endoscopy (Hentzel-Dent grades) and/or 24 h pH-metry (>4.2% pH <4) |
12 |
2 |
4 |
17 |
0.75 |
0.89 |
0.86 |
0.81 |
7.13 |
0.28 |
46 |
86 |
19 |
| Dickman et al. [31] |
Placebo for 1 week |
Endoscopy (Hentzel-Dent grades) and/or 24 h pH-metry (>4.2% pH <4) |
3 |
4 |
13 |
15 |
0.19 |
0.79 |
0.43 |
0.54 |
0.89 |
1.03 |
46 |
43 |
46 |
| Bautista et al. [32] |
Lansoprazole 60 mg AM, 30 mg PM for 1 week SIS ≥50% |
Endoscopy (Hentzel-Dent grades) and/or 24 h pH-metry (>4.2% pH <4) |
14 |
2 |
4 |
20 |
0.78 |
0.91 |
0.875 |
0.833 |
8.56 |
0.24 |
45 |
88 |
17 |
| Bautista et al. [32] |
Lansoprazole 60 mg AM, 30 mg PM for 1 week SIS ≥65% |
Endoscopy (Hentzel-Dent grades) and/or 24 h pH-metry (>4.2% pH <4) |
15 |
1 |
3 |
21 |
0.83 |
0.95 |
0.93 |
0.88 |
18.33 |
0.17 |
45 |
94 |
13 |
| Bautista et al. [32] |
Placebo for 1 week |
Endoscopy (Hentzel-Dent grades) and/or 24 h pH-metry (>4.2% pH <4) |
4 |
8 |
14 |
14 |
0.22 |
0.64 |
0.33 |
0.50 |
0.61 |
1.22 |
45 |
33 |
50 |
| Fass et al. [33] |
Omeprazole 40 mg AM, 20 mg PM for 1 week SIS ≥50% |
Endoscopy (Hentzel-Dent grades) and/or 24 h pH-metry (>4.2% pH <4) |
18 |
2 |
5 |
12 |
0.78 |
0.86 |
0.90 |
0.71 |
5.48 |
0.25 |
62 |
90 |
29 |
| Fass et al. [33] |
Placebo for 1 week |
Endoscopy (Hentzel-Dent grades) and/or 24 h pH-metry (>4.2% pH <4) |
5 |
1 |
18 |
13 |
0.22 |
0.93 |
0.83 |
0.42 |
3.04 |
0.84 |
62 |
83 |
58 |
| Pandak et al. [34] |
Omeprazole 40 mg twice a day for 2 weeks SIS ≥50% |
Endoscopy and/or 24 h pH-metry (>4.2% pH <4) |
18 |
6 |
2 |
12 |
0.90 |
0.67 |
0.75 |
0.86 |
2.70 |
0.15 |
53 |
75 |
14 |
| Pandak et al. [34] |
Placebo for 2 weeks SIS ≥50% |
Endoscopy and/or 24 h pH-metry (>4.2% pH <4) |
1 |
3 |
19 |
15 |
0.05 |
0.83 |
0.25 |
0.44 |
0.30 |
1.14 |
53 |
25 |
56 |
| Kim et al. [35] |
NCCP GERD-related (TP) vs NCCP non-GERD-related (TN): rabeprazole for 1 week SIS ≥50% |
Endoscopy (LA classification) and/or 24 h pH-metry (>4.0 pH <4) |
8 |
6 |
8 |
20 |
0.50 |
0.77 |
0.57 |
0.71 |
2.17 |
0.65 |
38 |
57 |
29 |
| Kim et al. [35] |
NCCP GERD-related (TP) vs NCCP non-GERD-related (TN): rabeprazole for 2 weeks SIS ≥50% |
Endoscopy (LA classification) and/or 24 h pH-metry (>4.0 pH <4) |
13 |
7 |
3 |
19 |
0.81 |
0.73 |
0.65 |
0.86 |
3.02 |
0.26 |
38 |
65 |
14 |
| Xia et al. [36] |
Lansoprazole 30 mg once a day for 4 weeks SIS ≥50% |
24 h pH-metry (De Meester pH <4, 7.5 s) |
11 |
8 |
1 |
16 |
0.92 |
0.67 |
0.58 |
0.94 |
2.75 |
0.13 |
33 |
58 |
6 |
| Xia et al. [36] |
Placebo for 4 weeks SIS ≥50% |
24 h pH-metry (De Meester pH <4, 7.5 s) |
4 |
7 |
8 |
13 |
0.33 |
0.65 |
0.36 |
0.62 |
0.95 |
1.03 |
38 |
36 |
38 |
| Kushnir et al. [37] |
High-degree response on PPI (not specified) |
24 pH-metry (≥4%, pH <4) |
40 |
18 |
12 |
28 |
0.77 |
0.61 |
0.69 |
0.70 |
1.97 |
0.38 |
53 |
69 |
30 |
| Kushnir et al. [37] |
High-degree response on PPI |
Positive Ghillibert probability estimate (GPE) |
21 |
37 |
5 |
35 |
0.81 |
0.49 |
0.36 |
0.88 |
1.57 |
0.40 |
27 |
36 |
12 |
| Kushnir et al. [37] |
High-degree response on PPI |
Association of chest pain with pH <4 in reference standard: SI ≥50% |
19 |
39 |
6 |
34 |
0.76 |
0.47 |
0.33 |
0.85 |
1.42 |
0.52 |
26 |
33 |
15 |
| Kushnir et al. [37] |
High-degree response on PPI |
24 h pH-metry and positive GPE |
15 |
43 |
2 |
38 |
0.88 |
0.47 |
0.26 |
0.95 |
1.66 |
0.25 |
17 |
26 |
5 |
| Kushnir et al. [37] |
High-degree response on PPI |
24 h pH-metry and SI ≥50% |
16 |
42 |
2 |
38 |
0.89 |
0.48 |
0.28 |
0.95 |
1.69 |
0.23 |
18 |
28 |
5 |
| Kushnir et al. [37] |
High-degree response on PPI |
24 h pH-metry and SI ≥50% and positive GPE |
14 |
44 |
1 |
39 |
0.93 |
0.47 |
0.24 |
0.98 |
1.76 |
0.14 |
15 |
24 |
2 |
| Symptom index | |||||||||||||||
| Singh et al. [28] |
Association of chest pain with pH <4 in reference standard: SI ≥50% |
Endoscopy and/or 24 h pH-metry (De Meester >5.5% pH <4) |
19 |
38 |
15 |
81 |
0.56 |
0.68 |
0.33 |
0.84 |
1.75 |
0.65 |
22 |
33 |
16 |
| Singh et al. [28] |
Association of chest pain with pH <4 in reference standard: SI ≥25% |
Endoscopy and/or 24 h pH-metry (De Meester >5.5% pH <4) |
23 |
59 |
11 |
60 |
0.68 |
0.50 |
0.28 |
0.85 |
1.36 |
0.64 |
22 |
28 |
15 |
| Singh et al. [28] |
Association of chest pain with pH <4 in reference standard: SI ≥75% |
Endoscopy and/or 24 h pH-metry (De Meester >5.5% pH <4) |
8 |
5 |
26 |
114 |
0.24 |
0.96 |
0.62 |
0.81 |
5.60 |
0.80 |
22 |
62 |
19 |
| Singh et al. [28] |
Association of heartburn with pH <4 in reference standard: Symptom Index (SI) ≥50% |
Endoscopy and/or 24 h pH-metry (De Meester >5.5% pH <4) |
40 |
32 |
3 |
78 |
0.93 |
0.71 |
0.56 |
0.96 |
3.20 |
0.10 |
28 |
56 |
4 |
| Singh et al. [28] |
Association of heartburn with pH <4 in reference standard: SI ≥25% |
Endoscopy and/or 24 h pH-metry (De Meester >5.5% pH <4) |
41 |
40 |
2 |
70 |
0.95 |
0.64 |
0.51 |
0.97 |
2.62 |
0.07 |
28 |
51 |
3 |
| Singh et al. [28] |
Association of heartburn with pH <4 in reference standard: SI ≥75% |
Endoscopy and/or 24 h pH-metry (De Meester >5.5% pH <4) |
25 |
25 |
9 |
94 |
0.74 |
0.79 |
0.50 |
0.91 |
3.50 |
0.34 |
28 |
58 |
12 |
| Ho et al. [29] |
Association of chest pain with pH <4 in reference standard: SI >50% |
24 h pH-metry (>4% pH <4, 4 s) |
3 |
9 |
11 |
38 |
0.21 |
0.81 |
0.25 |
0.78 |
1.12 |
0.97 |
23 |
25 |
22 |
| Lam et al. [30] |
Association of chest pain with pH <4 in reference standard: SI ≥75% |
24 h pH-metry (execution in acute stage) |
13 |
0 |
15 |
13 |
0.46 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
0.48 |
13.03 |
0.54 |
68 |
97 |
54 |
| Others | |||||||||||||||
| Lacima et al. [38] |
24 h-manometry (pH <4) |
Manometry during hospital stay |
18 |
24 |
18 |
30 |
0.50 |
0.56 |
0.43 |
0.56 |
1.13 |
0.90 |
40 |
43 |
38 |
| Provocation test | |||||||||||||||
| Cooke et al. [39] |
NCCP during exertional pH-metry |
24 h pH-metry (5.5% pH <4 for 10 s) |
4 |
0 |
15 |
31 |
0.21 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
0.67 |
14.40 |
0.79 |
38 |
90 |
33 |
| Cooke et al. [39] |
Control group: CVD with angina: exertional pH-metry |
24 h pH-metry (5.5% pH <4 for 10 s) |
1 |
1 |
2 |
12 |
0.33 |
0.92 |
0.50 |
0.86 |
4.33 |
0.72 |
19 |
50 |
14 |
| Bovero et al. [40] |
NCCP with normal ECG during exertional pH-metry |
24 h pH-metry (De Meester criteria: >4.5% pH <4)) |
17 |
1 |
29 |
20 |
0.37 |
0.95 |
0.94 |
0.41 |
7.76 |
0.66 |
69 |
94 |
59 |
| Bovero et al. [40] |
NCCP at rest: NCCP with normal ECG during exertional pH-metry |
24 h pH-metry (De Meester criteria: >4.5% pH <4)) |
11 |
1 |
23 |
11 |
0.32 |
0.92 |
0.92 |
0.32 |
3.88 |
0.74 |
74 |
92 |
68 |
| Bovero et al. [40] |
NCCP exertion/mixed: NCCP with normal ECG during exertional pH-metry |
24 h pH-metry (De Meester criteria: >4.5% pH <4)) |
6 |
0 |
6 |
9 |
0.50 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
0.60 |
10.00 |
0.50 |
57 |
93 |
40 |
| Bovero et al. [40] |
24 h pH-metry (De Meester criteria: >4.5% pH <4)) |
NCCP with normal ECG during exertional pH-metry |
17 |
29 |
1 |
20 |
0.94 |
0.41 |
0.37 |
0.95 |
1.60 |
0.14 |
27 |
37 |
5 |
| Bovero et al. [40] |
24 h pH-metry (De Meester criteria: >4.5% pH <4)) |
NCCP at rest: NCCP with normal ECG during exertional pH-metry |
11 |
23 |
1 |
11 |
0.92 |
0.32 |
0.32 |
0.92 |
1.36 |
0.26 |
26 |
32 |
8 |
| Romand et al. [41] |
NCCP: pH <4 for 10 s during exertional pH-metry |
24 h pH-metry (De Meester criteria: >4.5% pH <4)) |
7 |
14 |
3 |
19 |
0.70 |
0.58 |
0.33 |
0.86 |
1.65 |
0.52 |
23 |
33 |
14 |
| Abrahao et al. [42] |
NCCP reproducible during balloon distension |
Endoscopy (Savary-Miller) and/or manometry and/or pH-metry (De Meester criteria: >4.5% pH <4 |
14 |
1 |
21 |
4 |
0.40 |
0.80 |
0.93 |
0.16 |
2.00 |
0.75 |
88 |
93 |
84 |
| Abrahao et al. [42] |
NCCP reproducible during Tensilon test |
Endoscopy (Savary-Miller) and/or manometry and/or pH-metry (De Meester criteria: >4.5% pH <4 |
6 |
2 |
29 |
3 |
0.17 |
0.60 |
0.75 |
0.09 |
0.43 |
1.38 |
88 |
75 |
91 |
| Abrahao et al. [42] |
NCCP reproducible during Bernstein test |
Endoscopy (Savary-Miller) and/or manometry and/or pH-metry (De Meester criteria: >4.5% pH <4 |
9 |
1 |
26 |
4 |
0.26 |
0.80 |
0.90 |
0.13 |
1.29 |
0.93 |
88 |
90 |
87 |
| Abrahao et al. [42] |
Tensilon and Bernstein Test and balloon distension (+ if 1 test +) |
Endoscopy (Savary-Miller) and/or manometry and/or pH-metry (De Meester criteria: >4.5% pH <4 |
20 |
3 |
15 |
2 |
0.57 |
0.40 |
0.87 |
0.12 |
0.95 |
1.07 |
88 |
87 |
88 |
| Abrahao et al. [42] |
NCCP reproducible during Tensilon test |
Endoscopy (Savary-Miller) and/or pH-metry (De Meester criteria: >4.5% pH <4 |
6 |
2 |
26 |
6 |
0.19 |
0.75 |
0.75 |
0.19 |
0.75 |
1.08 |
80 |
75 |
81 |
| Abrahao et al. [42] |
NCCP reproducible during Bernstein test |
Endoscopy (Savary-Miller) and/or pH-metry (De Meester criteria: >4.5% pH <4 |
8 |
2 |
24 |
6 |
0.25 |
0.75 |
0.80 |
0.20 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
80 |
80 |
80 |
| Abrahao et al. [42] |
NCCP reproducible during balloon distension |
Endoscopy (Savary-Miller) and/or pH-metry (De Meester criteria: >4.5% pH <4 |
13 |
2 |
19 |
6 |
0.41 |
0.75 |
0.87 |
0.24 |
1.63 |
0.79 |
80 |
87 |
76 |
| Abrahao et al. [42] |
Tensilon and Bernstein Test and balloon distension (+ if 1 test +) |
Endoscopy (Savary-Miller) and/or pH-metry (De Meester criteria: >4.5% pH <4 |
18 |
5 |
14 |
3 |
0.56 |
0.38 |
0.78 |
0.18 |
0.90 |
1.17 |
80 |
78 |
82 |
| Ho et al. [29] |
NCCP reproducible during Bernstein test |
Endoscopy |
4 |
7 |
3 |
56 |
0.57 |
0.89 |
0.36 |
0.95 |
5.14 |
0.48 |
10 |
36 |
5 |
| Eosinophilia | |||||||||||||||
| Achem et al. [43] |
Current GERD symptoms |
Esophageal biopsies |
10 |
26 |
14 |
121 |
0.42 |
0.82 |
0.28 |
0.90 |
2.36 |
0.71 |
14 |
28 |
10 |
| Achem et al. [43] |
Male gender or current GERD symptoms |
Esophageal biopsies |
18 |
69 |
6 |
78 |
0.75 |
0.53 |
0.21 |
0.93 |
1.60 |
0.47 |
14 |
21 |
7 |
| Achem et al. [43] |
Male gender or any abnormal EoE endoscopic finding |
Esophageal biopsies |
23 |
79 |
1 |
68 |
0.96 |
0.46 |
0.23 |
0.99 |
1.78 |
0.09 |
14 |
23 |
1 |
| Achem et al. [43] |
Current GERD symptoms or any abnormal EoE endoscopic finding |
Esophageal biopsies |
20 |
63 |
4 |
84 |
0.83 |
0.57 |
0.24 |
0.96 |
1.94 |
0.29 |
14 |
24 |
5 |
| Musculoskeletal | |||||||||||||||
| Stochkendahl et al. [44] |
Biomechanical dysfunction |
Standardized examination protocol |
112 |
120 |
0 |
70 |
1.00 |
0.37 |
0.48 |
1.00 |
1.58 |
0.00 |
37 |
48 |
0 |
| Stochkendahl et al. [44] |
≥3 of 5 overall palpation findings |
Standardized examination protocol |
111 |
124 |
1 |
66 |
0.99 |
0.35 |
0.47 |
0.99 |
1.52 |
0.03 |
37 |
47 |
1 |
| Bosner et al. [45] |
Chest wall symptom (CWS) score: localized muscle tension, stinging pain, pain reproducible by palpation, absence of cough, cut-off test negative 0 to 1 points |
Interdisciplinary consensus: cardiologist, GP, research associate (based on reviewed baseline, follow-up data) |
506 |
318 |
59 |
329 |
0.90 |
0.51 |
0.66 |
0.82 |
1.82 |
0.20 |
47 |
61 |
15 |
| Bosner et al. [45] |
CWS score: localized muscle tension, stinging pain, pain reproducible by palpation, absence of cough, cut-off test negative 0 to 2 points |
Interdisciplinary consensus |
357 |
135 |
208 |
512 |
0.63 |
0.79 |
0.76 |
0.67 |
3.02 |
0.47 |
47 |
72 |
29 |
| Stochkendahl et al. [44] |
Anterior chest wall tenderness |
Standardized examination protocol |
110 |
134 |
2 |
56 |
0.98 |
0.29 |
0.45 |
0.97 |
1.39 |
0.06 |
37 |
45 |
3 |
| Stochkendahl et al. [44] |
Angina pectoris (uncertain or negative) |
Standardized examination protocol |
109 |
147 |
3 |
43 |
0.97 |
0.23 |
0.43 |
0.94 |
1.26 |
0.12 |
37 |
43 |
7 |
| Stochkendahl et al. [44] |
Pain worse on movement of torso |
Standardized examination protocol |
32 |
16 |
80 |
174 |
0.29 |
0.92 |
0.67 |
0.69 |
3.39 |
0.78 |
37 |
67 |
32 |
| Bosner et al. [45] |
Pain worse with movement |
Interdisciplinary consensus |
221 |
119 |
344 |
528 |
0.39 |
0.82 |
0.65 |
0.61 |
2.13 |
0.75 |
47 |
65 |
40 |
| Stochkendahl et al. [44] |
Positive/possible belief in pain origin from muscle/joints |
Standardized examination protocol |
108 |
156 |
4 |
34 |
0.96 |
0.18 |
0.41 |
0.90 |
1.17 |
0.20 |
37 |
41 |
11 |
| Stochkendahl et al. [44] |
Pain relief on pain medication |
Standardized examination protocol |
25 |
13 |
87 |
177 |
0.22 |
0.93 |
0.66 |
0.67 |
3.26 |
0.83 |
37 |
66 |
33 |
| Bosner et al. [45] |
Pain reproducible by palpation |
Interdisciplinary consensus |
351 |
193 |
214 |
454 |
0.62 |
0.70 |
0.68 |
0.64 |
2.08 |
0.54 |
47 |
65 |
32 |
| Stochkendahl et al. [44] |
Paraspinal tenderness |
Standardized examination protocol |
90 |
112 |
22 |
78 |
0.80 |
0.41 |
0.45 |
0.78 |
1.36 |
0.48 |
37 |
45 |
22 |
| Bosner et al. [45] |
Localized muscle tension |
Interdisciplinary consensus |
346 |
164 |
219 |
483 |
0.61 |
0.75 |
0.71 |
0.66 |
2.41 |
0.52 |
47 |
68 |
32 |
| Stochkendahl et al. [44] |
Chest pain present now |
Standardized examination protocol |
92 |
116 |
20 |
74 |
0.82 |
0.39 |
0.44 |
0.79 |
1.35 |
0.46 |
37 |
44 |
21 |
| Bosner et al. [45] |
Pain now |
Interdisciplinary consensus |
328 |
327 |
237 |
320 |
0.58 |
0.49 |
0.50 |
0.57 |
1.15 |
0.85 |
47 |
50 |
43 |
| Stochkendahl et al. [44] |
Pain debut not during a meal |
Standardized examination protocol |
109 |
168 |
3 |
22 |
0.97 |
0.12 |
0.39 |
0.88 |
1.10 |
0.23 |
37 |
39 |
12 |
| Stochkendahl et al. [44] |
Sharp pain |
Standardized examination protocol |
39 |
35 |
73 |
155 |
0.35 |
0.82 |
0.53 |
0.68 |
1.89 |
0.80 |
37 |
53 |
32 |
| Bosner et al. [45] |
Stinging pain |
Interdisciplinary consensus |
299 |
184 |
266 |
463 |
0.53 |
0.72 |
0.62 |
0.63 |
1.87 |
0.66 |
47 |
62 |
37 |
| Stochkendahl et al. [44] |
Hard physical exercise at least once a week |
Standardized examination protocol |
42 |
60 |
70 |
130 |
0.38 |
0.68 |
0.41 |
0.65 |
1.19 |
0.91 |
37 |
41 |
35 |
| Stochkendahl et al. [44] |
Pain not provoked during a meal |
Standardized examination protocol |
109 |
170 |
3 |
20 |
0.97 |
0.11 |
0.39 |
0.87 |
1.09 |
0.25 |
37 |
39 |
13 |
| Stochkendahl et al. [44] |
Not sudden debut |
Standardized examination protocol |
53 |
31 |
59 |
159 |
0.47 |
0.84 |
0.63 |
0.73 |
2.90 |
0.63 |
37 |
63 |
27 |
| Bosner et al. [45] |
Pain >24 h |
Interdisciplinary consensus |
158 |
139 |
407 |
508 |
0.28 |
0.79 |
0.53 |
0.56 |
1.30 |
0.92 |
47 |
54 |
45 |
| Stochkendahl et al. [44] |
Age ≤49 years old |
Standardized examination protocol |
67 |
54 |
45 |
136 |
0.60 |
0.72 |
0.55 |
0.75 |
2.10 |
0.56 |
37 |
55 |
25 |
| Bosner et al. [45] |
Pain mostly at noon time |
Interdisciplinary consensus |
13 |
30 |
552 |
617 |
0.02 |
0.95 |
0.31 |
0.53 |
0.50 |
1.02 |
47 |
31 |
48 |
| Bosner et al. [45] |
Cough |
Interdisciplinary consensus |
31 |
129 |
534 |
518 |
0.06 |
0.80 |
0.19 |
0.49 |
0.28 |
1.18 |
47 |
20 |
51 |
| Bosner et al. [45] |
Known IHD |
Interdisciplinary consensus |
56 |
122 |
509 |
525 |
0.10 |
0.81 |
0.32 |
0.51 |
0.52 |
1.11 |
47 |
32 |
50 |
| Bosner et al. [45] |
Pain worse with breathing |
Interdisciplinary consensus |
138 |
123 |
427 |
524 |
0.24 |
0.81 |
0.53 |
0.55 |
1.28 |
0.93 |
47 |
53 |
45 |
| Manchikanti et al. [46] |
Chronic thoracic pain: lidocaine injection |
Bupivacaine injection |
22 |
14 |
_ |
_ |
|
|
0.61 |
_ |
|
|
|
|
|
| Psychiatric | |||||||||||||||
| Kuijpers et al. [47] |
Anxiety subscale of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS-A score, cut-off ≥8) |
Diagnosis Anxiety disorders (Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (gold standard)) |
195 |
71 |
3 |
75 |
0.98 |
0.51 |
0.73 |
0.96 |
2.03 |
0.03 |
58 |
73 |
4 |
| Demiryoguran et al. [48] |
Palpitation |
Anxiety disorder: HADS-A score (cut-off ≥10) |
18 |
25 |
31 |
80 |
0.37 |
0.76 |
0.42 |
0.72 |
1.54 |
0.83 |
31 |
41 |
27 |
| Demiryoguran et al. [48] |
Fear of dying |
Anxiety disorder: HADS-A score (cut-off ≥10) |
11 |
6 |
38 |
102 |
0.22 |
0.94 |
0.65 |
0.73 |
4.04 |
0.82 |
31 |
65 |
27 |
| Demiryoguran et al. [48] |
Light-headedness, dizziness, faintness |
Anxiety disorder: HADS-A score (cut-off ≥10) |
11 |
8 |
38 |
100 |
0.22 |
0.93 |
0.58 |
0.73 |
3.03 |
0.84 |
31 |
58 |
28 |
| Demiryoguran et al. [48] |
Chills or hot flushes |
Anxiety disorder: HADS-A score (cut-off ≥10) |
11 |
5 |
38 |
103 |
0.22 |
0.95 |
0.69 |
0.73 |
4.85 |
0.81 |
31 |
69 |
27 |
| Demiryoguran et al. [48] |
Shortness of breath |
Anxiety disorder: HADS-A score (cut-off ≥10) |
13 |
22 |
36 |
86 |
0.27 |
0.80 |
0.37 |
0.71 |
1.30 |
0.92 |
31 |
37 |
29 |
| Demiryoguran et al. [48] |
Nausea or gastric discomfort |
Anxiety disorder: HADS-A score (cut-off ≥10) |
9 |
10 |
40 |
98 |
0.18 |
0.91 |
0.47 |
0.71 |
1.98 |
0.90 |
31 |
47 |
29 |
| Demiryoguran et al. [48] |
Diaphoresis |
Anxiety disorder: HADS-A score (cut-off ≥10) |
19 |
12 |
30 |
96 |
0.39 |
0.89 |
0.61 |
0.76 |
3.49 |
0.69 |
31 |
61 |
24 |
| Foldes-Busque et al. [49] |
The Panic Screening Score (derivation population) |
Panic disorder diagnosis (structured Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition DSM-IV (ADIS-IV)) |
53 |
19 |
31 |
98 |
0.63 |
0.84 |
0.74 |
0.76 |
3.89 |
0.44 |
42 |
74 |
24 |
| Foldes-Busque et al. [49] |
The Panic Screening Score (validation population) |
Panic disorder diagnosis (structured ADIS-IV) |
69 |
27 |
61 |
148 |
0.53 |
0.85 |
0.72 |
0.71 |
3.44 |
0.55 |
43 |
72 |
29 |
| Katerndahl et al. [51] |
GP diagnosis of panic disorder |
Panic disorder (structured clinical Interview of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, based on DSM-III-R) |
2 |
2 |
26 |
21 |
0.07 |
0.91 |
0.50 |
0.45 |
0.82 |
1.02 |
55 |
50 |
55 |
| Fleet et al. [50] | Panic disorder diagnosis: formula including Agoraphobia Cognitions QA, Mobility Inventory for Agoraphobia, Zone 12 Dermatome Pain Map, Sensory McGill Pain QA, Gender, Zone 25 (Validation population) | Panic Disorder (ADIS-R structured interview by psychologist) | 32 | 41 | 17 | 122 | 0.65 | 0.75 | 0.44 | 0.88 | 2.60 | 0.46 | 23 | 44 | 12 |