Table I. Potential kev genes that could be used in transposon constructs and dispersed in weeds: They can be engineered under constitutive or inducible promoters, depending on the context.
Genes related to primary metabolism that are lethal when introduced in antisense, RNAi, or microRNA with an inducible promoter can also serve as kev genes in transposon constructs. CYP, Cytochrome P450; GST, glutathione S-transferase; Δgai, truncated gibberellic acid acceptor; SH1, shattering1.
| Gene | Trait | System Appropriate | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Enhanced herbicide susceptibility: genes in antisense, or as RNAi, or as microRNA | |||
| CYP72A31 | Bispyribac detoxification | indica rice/weedy rice | Saika et al. (2014) |
| Many unknown | Detoxification in rice | Rice/weedy rice | Usui (2001) |
| CYP81A6 | Bentazon and some sulfonylurea detoxification | Rice/weedy rice | Pan et al. (2006) |
| Carboxylesterase | 2,4-D detoxification | Rice/weedy rice | Gershater et al. (2006) |
| 2,4-D and clodinafop detoxification | |||
| Unknown CYP | Prosulfuron detoxification | Sorghum/weedy sorghums | Moreland et al. (1996) |
| Unknown CYP | Metolachlor detoxification | Sorghum/weedy sorghums | Moreland and Corbin (1991) |
| Unknown CYP | Bentazon detoxification | Sorghum/weedy sorghums | Burton and Maness (1992); Hinz et al. (1997) |
| GST | Atrazine detoxification | Sorghum/weedy sorghums | Frear and Swanson (1970) |
| GST(s) | Propachlor detoxification | Sorghum/weedy sorghums | Lamoureux et al. (1971) |
| GST B1/B2 | Metolachlor | Sorghum/weedy sorghums | Gronwald and Plaisance (1998) |
| GST(s) | Alachlor/atrazine | Sorghum/weedy sorghums | Hatton et al. (1996) |
| Unknown | Mesotrione detoxification | Sorghum/weedy sorghums | Joy et al. (2009) |
| Unknown CYP | Thiazopyr | Sorghum/weedy sorghums | Feng et al. (1995) |
| Amaranthus/Amaranthus spp. | |||
| Unknown CYP | Simazine detoxification | Lolium/Lolium spp. | Burnet et al. (1993) |
| Unknown CYP | Mesotrione detoxification | Amaranthus/Amaranthus spp. | Ma et al. (2013) |
| Unknown GST | Atrazine detoxification | Amaranthus/Amaranthus spp. | Ma et al. (2013) |
| Unfit mitigating genes | |||
| Δgai | Dwarfing | Rice, sorghum, Lolium, Amaranthus spp. | Al-Ahmad et al. (2006) |
| SH1 | (Anti)shattering | Sorghum, rice (?) | Lin et al. (2012) |
| RNA silencing (many) | Male and female sterility | Inducible | Liu and Singer (2013) |
| Many | Male sterility | Inducible | Kausch et al. (2013) |