Table 3.
Hemolysis induced by scyphozoan extracts to RBCs from different mammals, birds and fish; (*) from Red Sea (AaRS); (+) from Chesapeake Bay (AaCB); (^) after Fluorescence Activated Cell Scanner (FACS) preparation; (#) post-Sephadex G-200; (§) value obtained after incubation with 100mg protein/ml; (○) from fishing tentacles; (•) from oral arms; (□) approximate values derived from original graphs; (▪) 0.45% RBC suspension; n.a. = not active; n.v. = nematocyst venom; l.s. = from large specimen; s.s. = from small specimens; PH = purified hemolytic fraction
| Species | Sensitive RBCs | Concentration inducing 50% hemolysis | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Atolla vanhoeffeni | |||
| water-soluble extract | sheep | n.a. | Kawabata, 2013 |
| Atolla wyvillei | |||
| water-soluble extract | sheep | n.a. | Kawabata, 2013 |
| Aurelia aurita | |||
| crude venom (*) | human | 1μg venom protein | Radwan et al, 2001 |
| crude venom (+) | human | 8μg venom protein | Radwan et al, 2001 |
| crude venom protein | human | 0.61mg/ml | Segura Puertas et al, 2002 |
| lysine | sheep rabbit |
35.3μg/ml 13.5μg/ml |
Helmholz, 2010 |
| Carybdea marsupialis | |||
| nematocyst venom | sheep | 27.91ng/ml | Rottini et al, 1995 |
| Cassiopea andromeda | |||
| crude venom | human | 1μg protein | Radwan et al, 2001 |
| Cassiopea xamachana | |||
| crude venom (^) | human | 7μg/ml | Radwan and Burnett, 2001 |
| crude venom | human | 11μg protein | Radwan et al, 2001 |
| crude venom | human sheep |
6.89μg/ml 56μg/ml |
Torres et al, 2001 |
| crude venom CxTX fractions I-VI (#) |
human | 40.6% hemolysis (§) 15.2–76.5% hemolysis (§) |
Radwan et al, 2005 |
| Chrysaora achylos | |||
| crude venom (○) | human | 150μg/ml | Radwan et al, 2000 |
| crude venom (•) | human | 220μg/ml | Radwan et al, 2000 |
| Chrysaora hysoscella | |||
| >10KDa MW n.v. | human mouse sheep |
>5.0μg protein (□) 2.7μg protein approx. (□) 3.5μg protein approx. (□) |
Del Negro et al, 1991 |
| Chrysaora quinquecirrha | |||
| crude venom | human dog pig horse sheep rabbit rat chicken |
0.5–0.63mg protein 0.34mg protein 0.15mg protein 1.29mg protein 0.66mg protein 1.52mg protein 0.28mg protein 2.58mg protein |
Long-Rowe and Burnett, 1994 |
| crude venom (○) | human | 63μg/ml | Radwan et al, 2000 |
| nematocyst venom (○) | human | 35μg/ml | Bloom et al, 2001 |
| Cyanea capillata | |||
| nematocyst venom (l.s.) | rodent | 98μg/ml | Helmholz et al, 2012 |
| nematocyst venom (s.s.) | rodent | 177μg/ml | Helmholz et al, 2012 |
| lysine freshly prepared | sheep rabbit |
43.1μg/ml 8.8μg/ml |
Helmholz, 2010 |
| lysine stored at -80°C | sheep rabbit |
>50μg/ml >50μg/ml |
Helmholz, 2010 |
| tentacle-only extract | rat | 150μg/ml (□)(▪) | Xiao et al, 2010 |
| tentacle-only extract | human sheep rabbit rat mouse |
210μg/ml (□)(▪) 156μg/ml (▪) 210μg/ml (□)(▪) 230μg/ml (□)(▪) 260μg/ml (□)(▪) |
Wang et al, 2012 |
| Cyanea nozakii | |||
| fresh n.v. | chicken | 5.08μg/ml approx. | Feng et al, 2010 |
| -80°C stored n.v. | chicken | 5.35μg/ml approx. | Feng et al, 2010 |
| CnPH | HU50 approx. 5μg/ml | Li et al, 2011 | |
| Nemopilema nomurai | |||
| crude extract | human dog cat rabbit rat |
964 μg/ml 151 μg/ml 685 μg/ml 729 μg/ml 497 μg/ml |
Kang et al, 2009 |
| Pelagia noctiluca | |||
| crude extract | human rabbit chicken eel |
0.1μg/ml (35% hemolysis) 0.1μg/ml (90% hemolysis) 0.1μg/ml (90% hemolysis) 0.1μg/ml (41% hemolysis) |
Marino et al, 2007 |
| Periphylla periphylla | |||
| water-soluble extract | sheep | n.a. | Kawabata, 2013 |
| Rhizostoma pulmo | |||
| rhizolysin | human rat |
5μg protein (20% hemol.) 11μg protein (20% hemol.) |
Cariello et al, 1988 |
| high MW fractions | human | 32μg/ml (100% hemolysis) | Mazzei et al, 1995 |
| Rhopilema nomadica | |||
| partially purified venom | human sheep rabbit guinea-pig |
32ng 57ng 55ng 67ng |
Gusmani et al, 1997 |
| Stomolophus meleagris | |||
| crude venom purified fractions SmTX |
chicken | 10.5μg/ml 110μg/ml 70μg/ml |
Li et al, 2013 |