Table 1 . Eye care services utilization according to different independent variables, Shahroud, Iran, 2009 .
| Independent variables | Number | No eye care visit a % (95% CI) | No eye care visit in the last 5 years % (95% CI) | |
| Predisposing variables | Gender | |||
| Men | 2210 | 10.63 (9.12–12.14) | 28.82 (26.68–30.98) | |
| Women | 2974 | 20.50 (18.84–22.24) | 32.52 (30.43–34.60) | |
| Age | ||||
| 40–44 | 960 | 23.22 (20.66–25.79) | 38.64 (35.58–41.71) | |
| 45–49 | 1386 | 17.46 (15.27–19.65) | 31.29 (28.39–34.20) | |
| 50–54 | 1284 | 14.10 (12.18–16.02) | 26.93 (24.46–29.39) | |
| 55–59 | 954 | 11.74 (9.55–13.93) | 25.58 (22.68–28.48) | |
| 60–64 | 600 | 14.66 (11.87–17.45) | 34.94 (31.14–38.73) | |
| Education | ||||
| Illiterate | 426 | 30.99 (26.53–35.44) | 43.56 (38.47–48.65) | |
| Primary school | 2593 | 19.13 (17.38–20.88) | 33.53 (31.21–35.84) | |
| Guidance school | 481 | 12.27 (8.98–15.56) | 28.27 (23.90–32.64) | |
| High school | 1143 | 11.02 (9.24–12.81) | 26.96 (24.24–29.68) | |
| College | 541 | 6.10 (4.00–8.20) | 19.41 (15.71–23.11) | |
| Enabling variables | Economic status | |||
| High | 2376b | 9.93 (8.58–11.28) | 24.87 (22.78–26.97) | |
| Middle | 1433 | 18.42 (16.45–20.39) | 33.50 (30.99–36.00) | |
| Low | 1373 | 25.20 (22.54–27.86) | 38.53 (35.39–41.67) | |
| Insurance status | ||||
| Insured | 4790c | 15.17 (13.89–16.47) | 29.71 (27.97–31.45) | |
| Not insured | 282 | 31.91 (26.12–37.71) | 46.81 (40.35–53.27) | |
| Need variable | Presenting vision | |||
| <0.30 LogMar | 4838b | 15.79 (14.48–17.11) | 29.83 (28.09–31.56) | |
| ≥0.30 LogMar | 344 | 23.84 (19.23–28.44) | 45.64 (40.37–50.91) |
CI=Confidence Interval; a=No eye examination by optometrist or ophthalmologist; b=Data were available for 5,182 participants; c=Data were available for 5,072 participants