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. 2014 Oct 30;21:100. doi: 10.1186/s12929-014-0100-4

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© Bonafè et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2014

This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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HA structure and sites of modification. The disaccharide repeat units of HA are shown with the primary sites for chemical modifications generally used for tissue engineering applications. The hydroxyl groups of HA form covalent linkages such as ether, esters, and hemiacetal bonds. The carboxyl groups can form ether, anhydride, and carbamide bonds, while Schiff bases can originate from HA dialdehyde reacting with amino groups. Some HA adducts commonly employed in regenerative medicine are also shown.