Figure 3. Comparisons of the force measurements on rough cylindrical rods.

(a–d). Forces obtained for differently manipulated animals are compared separately on each rod diameter. (e–h). Forces measured on different rod diameters are compared for each type of animal manipulation. The drawings of the beetle legs indicate the manipulation status: intact (e), removed spurs (f), removed claws (g), and both structures removed (h). The boxes show the median (middle lines) and the 1^st and 3^rd quartiles. The whiskers denote the 10^th and 90^th percentiles. Different letters above the boxes indicate statistically significant differences between data samples. We tested ten intact beetles on each stick, ten beetles with removed spurs, five beetles with removed claws, and nine beetles with both spurs and claws removed. With each beetle we performed five runs.