Table 7.
Additional comparisons and expanded logistic regressions for lifetime suicidal ideation in ARMHS sample (n = 634)
| Characteristic (predictor or exposure variable) | Statistic or category | Profiles for discrete ARMHS sub-groups | Prediction of lifetime suicidal ideation # | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No lifetime suicidal ideation (n = 480) | Lifetime suicidal ideation | Overall univariate analysis p-value | AOR (99% CI) | p-value | |||
| Not recent (n = 116) | Present during last 12-months (n = 38) | ||||||
| Demographics | |||||||
| Age in years | mean (SD, n) | 57 (14, 480) | 52 (13, 116) | 48 (15, 38) | <0.001 | 0.98 (0.96, 1.0) | 0.001 |
| Gender | Female | 283 (59%) | 79 (68%) | 22 (58%) | 0.183 | 1.18 (0.68, 2.0) | 0.445 |
| Marital status | Yes | 330 (69%) | 54 (47%) | 17 (45%) | <0.001 | 0.51 (0.30, 0.87) | 0.001 |
| Education | University or higher degree | 98 (20%) | 24 (21%) | 9 (24%) | 0.892 | 0.90 (0.47, 1.7) | 0.671 |
| Current functioning | |||||||
| Current psychological distress (K10) | mean (SD, n) | 18 (6.3, 480) | 21 (6.4, 116) | 27 (7.8, 38) | <0.001 | 1.07 (1.03, 1.1) | <0.001 |
| Wellbeing index | mean (SD, n) | -.32 (0.82, 480) | -.70 (0.93, 115) | −1.3 (0.85, 38) | <0.001 | 0.88 (0.54, 1.4) | 0.485 |
| Alcohol Use (AUDIT) | mean (SD, n) | 3.7 (3.9, 480) | 3.8 (4.9, 116) | 6.3 (6.9, 38) | 0.004 | 1.0 (0.97, 1.1) | 0.226 |
| Adverse life events | mean (SD, n) | 1.7 (1.6, 480) | 2.2 (1.9, 116) | 3.1 (2.1, 38) | <0.001 | 1.1 (0.94, 1.3) | 0.138 |
| Social support | |||||||
| Community & personal support | mean (SD, n) | −0.2 (0.8, 467) | −0.4 (0.8, 115) | −1.0 (0.9, 37) | <0.001 | 0.88 (0.60, 1.3) | 0.355 |
| Personality | |||||||
| Optimism (HOPES-12) | mean (SD, n) | 2.8 (0.6, 121) | 2.3 (0.8, 28) | 2.1 (0.7, 10) | <0.001 | 0.21 (0.06, 0.68) | <0.001 |
| Neuroticism | mean (SD, n) | 2.6 (2.0, 468) | 3.3 (2.2, 115) | 4.2 (2.3, 36) | <0.001 | 1.0 (0.89, 1.2) | 0.563 |
| Socioeconomic factors | |||||||
| SEIFA (IRSAD) | mean (SD) | 939.03 (38.70) | 943.22 (39.81) | 946.76 (36.21) | 0.329 | 1.0 (1.00, 1.0) | 0.168 |
| Financial adversity | Low | 298 (75%) | 52 (54%) | 14 (45%) | <0.001 | ||
| Moderate | 76 (19%) | 31 (32%) | 11 (35%) | 1.8 (0.91, 3.4) | 0.028 | ||
| High | 26 (6.5%) | 13 (14%) | 6 (19%) | 1.3 (0.50, 3.6) | 0.432 | ||
| Physical illness | |||||||
| Smoker | Yes | 63 (16%) | 24 (25%) | 10 (30%) | 0.021 | 1.1 (0.54, 2.2) | 0.748 |
| No. of chronic illnesses | 0 | 254 (53%) | 80 (69%) | 23 (61%) | 0.037 | ||
| 1 | 169 (35%) | 11 (29%) | 28 (24%) | 0.67 (0.36, 1.3) | 0.105 | ||
| 2+ | 57 (12%) | 4 (11%) | 8 (6.9%) | 0.59 (0.22, 1.6) | 0.176 | ||
| Serious injury past 12 months | Yes | 61 (13%) | 7 (18%) | 25 (22%) | 0.043 | 1.5 (0.74, 3.0) | 0.148 |
| Service need and utilization | |||||||
| Perceived need for services | mean (SD, n) | 3.0 (3.0, 480) | 4.9 (3.5, 116) | 7.7 (3.2, 38) | <0.001 | 1.14 (1.01, 1.3) | 0.006 |
| Service use for mental health problem | Yes | 93 (19%) | 46 (40%) | 21 (55%) | <0.001 | 2.12 (1.21, 3.7) | <0.001 |
| Rural factors | |||||||
| Live on farm | Yes | 116 (25%) | 23 (20%) | 8 (21%) | 0.576 | 0.89 (0.47, 1.7) | 0.639 |
| Proportion of life in a rural area | mean (SD, n) | 0.70 (0.31, 475) | 0.67 (0.30, 113) | 0.73 (0.31, 38) | 0.573 | 0.84 (0.36, 1.9) | 0.601 |
| Remoteness category | Inner regional | 185 (39%) | 44 (38%) | 22 (58%) | 0.029 | . | |
| Outer regional | 175 (36%) | 53 (46%) | 10 (26%) | 1.09 (0.61, 1.9) | 0.698 | ||
| Remote/ Very Remote | 120 (25%) | 19 (16%) | 6 (16%) | 0.63 (0.30, 1.3) | 0.11 | ||
| Infrastructure and services accessibility | mean (SD, n) | 4.00 (3.15, 480) | 3.30 (2.55, 116) | 3.03 (2.31, 38) | 0.021 | 0.91 (0.82, 1.0) | 0.007 |
| Lifetime psychiatric morbidity | |||||||
| Affective disorder | Yes | 65 (14%) | 53 (46%) | 30 (79%) | <0.001 | 3.7 (2.0, 6.7) | <0.001 |
| Anxiety disorder | Yes | 166 (35%) | 69 (59%) | 30 (79%) | <0.001 | 2.2 (1.3, 3.8) | <0.001 |
| Substance use disorder | Yes | 94 (20%) | 44 (38%) | 18 (47%) | <0.001 | 2.3 (1.3, 4.1) | <0.001 |
ARMHS: Australian Rural Mental Health Study; SD: Standard deviation; K10: Kessler-10 measure of psychological distress; AUDIT: Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test; HOPES-12: Hunter Opinions and Personal Expectations Scale; SEIFA (IRSAD) Index of Relative Socio-Economic Advantage and Disadvantage; ASGC: Australian Standard Geographic Classification; AOR: Adjusted Odds Ratio.
#See the right-hand columns of Table 5 for the percentages of each predictor variable sub-category reporting lifetime suicidal ideation; the predictors were included in separate logistic regressions, controlling for age, gender, K10 psychological distress score, marital status and professional mental health service use (as appropriate); bolded p-values are statistically significant (against Bonferroni-adjusted thresholds).