Table 1.
Subject characteristics for 4581 children of different ethnicities in the Generation R Study
| Total (n = 4581) | Dutch (n = 3126) | Turkish (n = 474) | Moroccan (n = 351) | Cape Verdean (n = 199) | Antillean/Surinamese Creole (n = 295) | Surinamese-Hindustani (n = 136) | p-value a | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Socio-demographic variables |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mothers education |
% low |
9.0 |
2.6 |
32.8 |
24.2 |
21.8 |
12.5 |
14.1 |
<0.001 |
| |
% middle |
43.3 |
34.7 |
53.7 |
62.1 |
66.3 |
70.6 |
71.9 |
|
| |
% high |
17.7 |
62.7 |
13.5 |
13.7 |
11.9 |
17.0 |
14.1 |
|
| Household income |
% low |
24.1 |
8.6 |
63.5 |
67.9 |
64.6 |
67.0 |
51.5 |
<0.001 |
| Material hardship |
% yes |
18.1 |
9.2 |
46.0 |
36.8 |
41.1 |
45.3 |
32.0 |
<0.001 |
| Single motherhood |
% yes |
11.2 |
5.3 |
6.7 |
8.9 |
48.2 |
53.2 |
23.0 |
<0.001 |
|
Other parental characteristics |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| BMI mother |
In kg/m2 |
23.7 (4.3) |
23.1 (3.8) |
25.2 (5.1) |
25.3 (4.6) |
23.8 (3.9) |
24.6 (5.2) |
23.5 (4.7) |
<0.001 |
| BMI father |
In kg/m2 |
25.2 (3.5) |
25.1 (3.3) |
26.3 (4.0) |
25.8 (3.8) |
24.5 (3.1) |
25.3 (3.9) |
24.5 (3.6) |
<0.001 |
| Pregnancy smoking |
% yes |
11.0 |
10.4 |
16.0 |
8.0 |
11.2 |
12.2 |
10.3 |
0.01 |
|
Birth characteristics |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Birth weight |
In grams |
3449 (550) |
3500 (553) |
3393 (492) |
3518 (471) |
3271 (531) |
3221 (558) |
3041 (516) |
<0.001 |
| Gestational age |
In weeks |
40.0 (1.7) |
40.0 (1.7) |
39.9 (1.6) |
40.3 (1.5) |
39.9 (1.4) |
39.6 (1.8) |
39.4 (1.5) |
<0.001 |
|
Risk factors in infancy |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Breastfeeding at 6 months |
% yes |
28.8 |
29.6 |
37.3 |
25.9 |
18.9 |
18.2 |
17.0 |
<0.001 |
|
Child overweight |
Age 2 |
11.3 |
9.2 |
21.4 |
20.7 |
13.4 |
12.6 |
3.0 |
<0.001 |
| |
Age 2.5 |
11.4 |
8.4 |
26.3 |
17.3 |
20.8 |
10.2 |
0.0 |
<0.001 |
| |
Age 3 |
10.1 |
7.8 |
23.3 |
17.9 |
9.7 |
11.7 |
1.2 |
<0.001 |
| |
Age 3.5 |
10.4 |
7.6 |
28.1 |
14.0 |
12.5 |
10.0 |
4.5 |
<0.001 |
| Age 4 | 12.1 | 9.2 | 23.1 | 18.9 | 17.4 | 16.1 | 8.0 | <0.001 | |
Values are percentages or mean (SD).
aP-values are for Chi2 test for categorical variables, and ANOVA for continuous variables.
Missing values were 103 (2.2%) for educational level, 940 (20.5%) for income, 988 (21.6%) for material hardship, 82 (1.8%) for single motherhood, 943 (20.6%) for BMI mother, 1229 (26.8%) for BMI father, 813 (17.7%) for smoking during pregnancy, 2 (0%) for birth weight, 719 (15.7%) for breastfeeding at 6 months.