Table 2.
Associations between ethnicity and overweight at 48 months, and contribution of early life factors in the Generation R Study (n = 2994) a
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | Model 6 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Child’s ethnicity |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Native Dutch |
1 (ref) |
1 (ref) |
1 (ref) |
1 (ref) |
1 (ref) |
1 (ref) |
|
Turkish |
3.25 (2.39-4.41) |
2.14 (1.47-3.11) |
2.62 (1.90-3.63) |
3.69 (2.69-5.06) |
3.04 (2.23-4.15) |
2.02 (1.34-3.04) |
|
Moroccan |
2.40 (1.66-3.47) |
1.65 (1.08-2.52) |
1.88 (1.28-2.78) |
2.63 (1.81-3.83) |
2.31 (1.59-3.36) |
1.48 (0.92-2.38) |
|
Cape Verdean |
2.00 (1.22-3.27) |
1.39 (0.81-2.38) |
1.94 (1.15-3.25) |
2.63 (1.59-4.37) |
1.88 (1.14-3.11) |
1.78 (0.99-3.20) |
|
Antillean/Surinamese-Creole |
1.82 (1.16-2.87) |
1.46 (0.89-2.40) |
1.63 (1.01-2.62) |
2.25 (1.41-3.57) |
1.85 (1.17-2.92) |
1.78 (1.06-3.02) |
|
Surinamese-Hindu |
0.89 (0.41-1.96) |
0.68 (0.30-1.54) |
0.81 (0.36-1.83) |
1.39 (0.62-3.09) |
0.88 (0.49-1.94) |
1.04 (0.44-2.47) |
| Household income |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Low |
|
0.93 (0.62-1.38) |
|
|
|
1.03 (0.70-1.53) |
|
Above average |
|
1 (ref) |
|
|
|
1 (ref) |
| Mother’s educational level |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
High |
|
0.51 (0.36-0.73) |
|
|
|
0.61 (0.41-0.89) |
|
Middle |
|
0.35 (0.23-0.54) |
|
|
|
0.48 (0.30-0.77) |
|
Low |
|
1 (ref) |
|
|
|
1 (ref) |
| Material hardship |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
No |
|
1 (ref) |
|
|
|
1 (ref) |
|
Yes |
|
1.19 (0.97-1.80) |
|
|
|
1.13 (0.75-1.71) |
| Mother’s BMI (per unit) |
|
|
1.07 (1.04-1.10) |
|
|
1.05 (1.02-1.08) |
| Father’s BMI (per unit) |
|
|
1.15 (1.09-1.20) |
|
|
1.14 (1.08-1.21) |
| Smoking during pregnancy |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
No |
|
|
1 (ref) |
|
|
1 (ref) |
|
Yes |
|
|
1.36 (0.85-2.18) |
|
|
1.49 (0.96-2.31) |
| Birth weight (per 500 gram) |
|
|
|
1.05 (1.04-1.07) |
|
1.06 (1.04-1.07) |
| Gestational age (per week) |
|
|
|
0.85 (0.78-0.93) |
|
0.88 (0.80-0.96) |
| Breastfeeding at 6 months |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
No |
|
|
|
|
1 (ref) |
1 (ref) |
|
Yes |
|
|
|
|
1.26 (0.98-1.62) |
1.33 (1.02-1.75) |
| Difference in BMI between birth and 6 months (per unit) | 1.29 (1.17-1.42) | 1.41 (1.26-1.58) |
aValues are odds ratios (95% confidence intervals). Values in bold indicate statistical significance.
Model 1: adjusted for age and sex.
Model 2: adjusted for sex, age, and socio-demographics (household income, mother's education, material hardship).
Model 3: adjusted for sex, age, and parental (parental BMI, maternal smoking during pregnancy).
Model 4: adjusted for sex, age, and birth characteristics (birth weight and gestational age).
Model 5: adjusted for sex, age, and postnatal factors (breastfeeding, infant weight gain).
Model 6: adjusted for all variables in model 1–5 simultaneously.